Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions This study investigates and tries to determine which of the individual components of memory are altered by marijuana. It has long been established that acute marijuana use impairs working memory of humans and animals. The previous studies focused on how marijuana affected memory on global terms like word recall, digit recall and paired associate word memory. By employing the delayed matching-to-sample method, the researchers attempted to distinguish whether acute marijuana smoking altered the delay-dependent and delay-independent components of memory. The study is a first in this field and with the use of human subjects; a similar research was carried out using pigeons and a cholinergic drug. Need essay sample on "Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The experiment was carried out with seven subjects but two were dropped from the experiment as they did not meet the requirements of the study. The subjects were recruited thru newspaper advertisement and were adequately compensated for their participation in the study. The subjects were identified as occasional marijuana users and used one more drug in the past. They were required to not use any other drug during the duration of the experiment as checked by a daily urine analysis. This was necessary to rule out any potential interaction with the marijuana and other drug which may affect the results of the experiment. The apparatus and materials used in the study consisted of a chamber made of plexiglass for the smoking administration. Subjects were directed to smoke marijuana in predetermined sequence. The subject had an ashtray, a pair of tweezers for smoking and subjects were connected to an oscillometric blood pressure and pulse monitor and a carbon monoxide indicator. The subject was cued by a computer monitor as to the smoking protocol. For the experimental test sessions, the subject worked in a chamber alone with a VGA monitor and mouse. The experimental events and data collection was recorded by remote software. The subject had two sessions for the experiment, the smoking and the experimental testing with the DMTS tasks. For the behavioral testing procedure, subjects were seated in the designed chamber. A detailed instruction was read to them and they were to work with the VGA monitor and mouse. The software recorded all the responses of the subject in the delayed match-to-sample tasks as well as controlled the sequence and schedule of the tasks. For the marijuana smoking, subjects smoked a placebo, a low dose and a high dose cigarette. Subjects were instructed to smoke, hold their breath, inhale or exhale in different sequences and timing. The number of inhalation and dose was monitored till subjects reached the state of acute marijuana intoxication. Doses were given in ascending order with intervening placebo after each high and low dose. After smoking marijuana subjects were asked to answer a self-report cardiovascular measure that was composed of subjective effects of marijuana. The results of the experiment showed that the acute administration of smoked marijuana to adult humans produced changes in rates of forgetting but not in initial discriminability. The study found evidence that the impairments were due to the delay interval length of tasks. It was observed that the intoxication of marijuana increased the rate of forgetting functions in all subjects. With the DMTS procedure, the researcher was able to determine the mechanism at which marijuana affected memory performance. The findings of the study shed light on how marijuana affects the cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus giving evidence that the hippocampus indeed play a major role in memory functions. Moreover, this study helped identify the different components of human memory that are affected by the drug, thus using marijuana in some medical conditions may not be the bets option as it compromises the memory functioning of the patient. Lastly, the study showed that biological and behavioral aspects interact in memory processes, thus cognitive abilities can be impaired by prolonged marijuana use. This study as an experiment using human subjects and using a potentially harmful substance has some ethical issues. Considering that subjects volunteered for the experiment but the advertisement as a behavioral research was misleading. Although subjects had prior experience in smoking marijuana, the potential hazard of exposing the subjects to acute marijuana smoking within the six week period carries far greater threat than the objectives of the study. The experiment though had sophisticated apparatus and materials and was innovative in using the delayed-dependent and delayed-independent measures but it is not clear on how they did this. Reference Lane, S., Cherek, D., Lieving, L. 1 pp 67-83

Parker and his colleagues Essays

Parker and his colleagues Essays Parker and his colleagues Essay Parker and his colleagues Essay Experiment two used a white noise cue while experiment one used a 1000 Hz pure tone. In both experiments a significant response time advantage was found for valid cues at the short SOA of 200ms. The results obtained mirror those found by Spence Driver (1994) for exogenous processing in that valid cues produced a response time advantage for short cue-target SOA’s. Experiments 3, 4 and 5 tested endogenous auditory attention as opposed to the first two experiments which tested exogenous processing.The informative cues used differed from the uninformative spatial cues of experiment 1 and 2. It was found that for this experiment (3) response time was faster for all SOA levels. The faster response time for all SOA levels in experiment 3 says that the use of informative cues pushes attention towards the target. It was predicted that significant response time advantage would occur at the middle and long SOA levels (500ms and 1100ms) for valid cues as opposed to the invalid cues.On acquisition of the cue information, the subject can shift spatial attention to the likely location of the subsequent target location. In experiment 3 a significant response time advantage was found at all SOA for valid cues. Despite the significant response time advantage found for valid cues at the short SOA (200ms), these results were expected. While the significant response time advantage found for the short SOA condition (200ms) is not necessary expected with a cognitive based cue, the cue used in experiment 3 (and in subsequent experiment 5) was both informative and spatial based.The initial capture of attention to the spatial location of the cue would aid response time advantage at the short SOA condition (200ms), while the knowledge that the cue is informative would keep attention focused on the spatial location of the cue for longer aiding response time advantage for the other SOA conditions (500ms 1100ms). In experiment 4 the spatial component of the informative cue was removed to investigate pure endogenous processing. The results obtained for experiment 4 found a significant response time advantage for valid cues only at the middle SOA condition (500ms).The lack of a response time advantage for valid cues at the shorter SOA of 200ms can be expected with a purely endogenous cue, however at the longer SOA of 1100ms a response time advantage was expected to be found. The addition of extra subjects may have produced a significant response time advantage for the SOA condition of 1100ms, however the same may be said for the short SOA of 200ms which also had a moderate average valid cue response time advantage (16ms).Spence and Driver (1996) found that by using purely endogenous cues (side blocking and central arrow) with an auditory target response time were significant for higher SOA (600-900ms) and since the task still involved visual cues the results may have been affected by it. The results of the experiment supported the earlier findings in experiment 3 wherein, a significant response time advantage was found for valid cues for all SOA conditions in experiment 5. The lack of spatial cuing decreased the response time of subjects for they did not have basis for localization.Flanagan, McAnally, Martin, Meehan Oldfield (1998) visual search times were reduced when spatially informative auditory information was supplied. In comparison to experiment 3 overall response times were about 30ms faster in experiment 5. The introduction of speech alone did not have the effect of reducing response times in experiment 4 where a non-spatial speech cue was u sed. Unfortunately, this assumption cannot be made in this case due to the fact that not all subjects who completed experiment 3 also completed experiment 5.The successful use of virtual 3-dimensional audio in laboratory experiments have been supported by other researches Parker and his colleagues (2004) studied the effects of supplementing head-down displays with 3-dimensional audio during visual target acquisition found that it improved performance during visual acquisition tasks, in fact the addition of 3-D audio resulted in significant reduction in visual acquisition time and a significant reduction of perceived workload and improved situational awareness.Flanagan et al (1998) also used virtual 3-D audio in an experiment which compared an unaided search with visual and auditory search cues for targets outside the visual field. The pure tone was initially used as the pure tone will give side discrimination without distinct elevation discrimination. With cues and targets seeming t o emanate from the same spatial position, in the case of high targets, the effect of priming cannot be discounted in any response time advantage observed for valid high targets.While the faster response times observed in the current experiments were not significant, it is a concern as to why faster responses were recorded. Spence and Driver used cue duration of 100ms followed by target duration of 100ms, while in the current experiment cue duration was 200ms with the target also of duration 200ms Generally each experiment was analyzed individually with not all subjects completing the three experiments relating to this observed effect (experiments 3, 4 5). Flanagan, McAnally, Martin, Meehan Oldfield (1998) found that with the use of spatially informative auditory information, visual search times were reduced.They used a spatial localization task in which the search for a visual target was aided by either a visual arrow or an auditory cue. They found that both the visual and auditor y cues aided in significantly reducing the search time when compared to an unaided search. With evidence suggesting that attentional capacity is modality-specific (Duncan, Martens Ward, 1997) and that auditory cues can help with a visual spatial localisation task (Flanagan, McAnally, Martin, Meehan Oldfield, 1998), the nature of the links between auditory and visual streams in spatial attention is of great importance.In conclusion, our experiments have clearly demonstrated that 3-dimensional audio can be used successfully in testing auditory attention. The results of the experiments supports what has been reported by the research of Spence and Driver (1994), thus indicating that informative and spatial auditory cues increases response time. These findings have practical implications in the design of human interface systems where visual targets can be enhanced by virtual auditory cues in the form of pure tone or words.Although the findings have validated the existence of cuing para digms for auditory attention, much has to be learned in the study of audition and its practical implications.ReferencesBedard, M. A. , El Massioui, F. E. , Pillon, B. , Nandrino, J. L. (1993). Time for reorienting of attention: A premotor hypothesis of the underlying mechanism. Neuropsychologia, 31, 241–249. Begault, D. Pittman, M. (1996) Three-Dimensional Audio Versus Head-Down Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System Displays, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 6(1), 79-93.

Application and development of relevant business management knowledge Essay - 1

Application and development of relevant business management knowledge - Essay Example The top management of the organizations who were accustomed to the existing process and their know-how found it tough to assimilate the changes due to e-business and manage the effects of this new e-factor. Thus the only way to cope up with the changes brought about by the e-business processes were to know in detail about the business processes and the e-business driven changes as the important impacts of the new factor. An in-depth knowledge of the e-business and the wholesome changes brought about by the useful tools of e-business would help the senior managers to analyze the newly structured business processes and bring about necessary changes in approach and measures to cope up with the business processes and manage the changes. Thus the knowledge on the e-business tools and its functions, the potentials of the e-business processes, the benefits, costs and the impacts on the overall process is extremely essential in managing the changes in the business process. This leads us to t he problem development stage and the problem has been developed as follows. â€Å"What is the importance of knowledge management in e-business driven changes in operating process of companies?† In order to address this problem, the various areas of business operations need to known in detail and the difference between the e-business driven changes and the earlier business processes need to be understood. This would help in identifying the changes that are brought about by the e-business processes in the overall organization culture and business. The understanding of the impacts of e-business on the organization and an analysis of these changes to design ways for managing these changes to the benefit of the organization could be done with the help of management of the knowledge on the changes business processes or the e-business. The scope of knowledge management in e-business lay in the areas of product development, supply chain management, customer relationship and the overa ll business processes. It is thus important to know the organizations that engage in the management of latest business knowledge for timely and efficient development of their products, to bring about necessary changes in the supply chain management to cater to the customers with the products and services through e-business in an efficient manner and to establish strong relationship bonds with the customers through efficient and timely delivery of customer service. It is also important to know about the ways in which the changes in the business management are affected with the help of knowledge on e-business (Malhotra 34). This includes a study of the various tasks that are assigned to the executives in order to cope up with the pace of the system that is driven by the e-platform and the latest technologies. The rationale behind performing these tasks and the application of knowledge management is clearly understood by the senior management and the employees to whom the work is deleg ated in order to reach the maximum level of performance. The process of management of business knowledge is commonly referred as knowledge management by companies aimed at developing the stock of knowledge on the various business processe

Employee Loyalty at Investment Banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Loyalty at Investment Banks - Essay Example (Berkowitz, 189) But, while spending on the human loyalty principal is likely to remain stable in the immediate future, as past overinvestment unwinds, the longer-term benefits for the global economy are likely to continue, or even accelerate, in the years to come. While technological change is an ongoing process, there are periods during which technological progress is especially rapid, resulting in new products and falling prices of existing products that have widespread uses in the rest of the economy and these are the period when the aspect of human indulgence becomes extremely important. Earlier examples include textiles production and steam power in the industrial revolution, railroads in the nineteenth century, and electricity in the early twentieth century (the automobile could also be included, but its development was relatively gradual). The effects of such revolutions have generally occurred in three (often overlapping) main stages and human elements and their loyalty, though hardly mentioned, always remained an integral part of the progress. (Kar, 145) Thus while dealing with the banking investment sector, it is important to understand the nature of loyalty of an employee in order to evaluate and measure the loyalty rate. This is a very important aspect of the research for determining the key factors influencing employee loyalty at investment banks in today's world. Once the loyalty level is measured it would be easier and logical to determine the causes of the frequency. This way a complete evaluating formulation could be prepared in this context. (Lamb, 243-245) Literature review In this review, analysis would be done on the role that the sales and management strategy, both historically and in the context of contemporary society, in the context of the topic selected. In addition, analysis would also be done on the ethnic and cultural diversity, and legal and ethical considerations that relate because the aspects of security certainly stand on the edge of privacy and confidentiality. Lastly it would be looked upon to identify the common trends in the banking industry and management strategy of behaviours of potential customers from the context of investment banking employees that appear in the literature. The literature would be used to demonstrate the importance of the topic to field as a whole. As a prelude to this research it would relevant to mention that in this context of determining the key factors influencing employee loyalty at investment banks in today's world and the two most important texts would be Border's Banking: Fire of the Mind and Dos' Future of Thought Process in Financial History for their detailed analysis of the subject. Both of the writers takes the loyalty concept of employees as a marketing variable and works on the principals of Management to determine their behaviours. Literature in the realm of research performed on the advances in sales and

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Business Law - Essay Example In that case, the Court rendered the term unenforceable because it appeared only at the bottom of the web page after the download button, depriving the customer the opportunity to read it first. This is not true however, in the present case because Dell not only advertised the terms in its website but also enclosed a written copy of it with the delivery of the computer to the customer. Generally, the courts will find for arbitration if it clearly appears that an agreement thereto was reached between the parties and even if there are doubts such as in the case of NCR Corp v Korala Associates, Ltd 512 F 3d 807 (2008) but may decide against it, even if there was agreement, if it is obviously one-sided such as in the case of Circuit City Stores Inc v Adams 279 F 3d 889 (2002) (cited Miller & Jentz 2009 52, 53). The present case, however, is distinguished from similar cases where the court held shrink-wrap agreements and arbitration clauses valid by its absence of an express disclaimer informing the customer of the specific method by which to express his or her rejection of the terms, usually a return of the product as was in the case of ProCD, Inc v Zeidenberg 908 F Supp 640 (1996). The implication of this is that DeFontes has no notice that a rejection of the terms should be expressed by returning the product and therefore, as to her, the arbitration term is not bind ing. She therefore, has good chances of dismissing Dell’s application for

Research On Management At Pak N Save New Zealand Business Essay

Research On Management At Pak N Save New Zealand Business Essay The main purpose of the research report on PaknSave Group is that it is the demand of the subject. It will help us to gain vast knowledge about this particular organization. As well as we also come to know that what are the necessities and responsibilities to run a business. We will also get an Analysis of the Organization and Management in PaknSave Group. In this research report mainly we come to know the purpose of organization and roles of the management regarding that particular organization. We will understand the various management philosophies, management practices, influences of environment (internal and external) and application of change management theories. Paknsave is a New Zealand discount supermarket chain owned by the Foodstuffs cooperative. Founded in 1985, PaknSave was the last of the five current major New Zealand supermarkets (Countdown, Food town, New World, PaknSave, and Woolworths) to be founded. As of December 2009, there are 45 PaknSave stores operating across the North and South Islands of New Zealand. PaknSaves key policy is to provide everyday food and groceries at low prices. Stores are large and have a no-frills environment, often with unlined interiors and concrete floors. Customers are also asked to pack their own bags, and charged for plastic bags in most stores. Source (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakn_Save) Every day paknsave group aim to make a difference to peoples lives by making the desirable affordable. paknsave group will continue to make Clear improvements in product quality and choice for our customers but, at the same time, paknsave group will always remain true to our core value proposition of delivering bargain prices. The organizational structures of Pakn save http://uniexgh.com/images/organogram.gif In organizational structure of Pakn save there is interaction model. There is chief executive, foreign divisions and coordinator of SP at the top level. At the middle there is director of admin and HR and chief operator and chief finance officer who control operations of company. Then there are general managers in each department. At the below level there is team members and factory managers. Due to transaction model the bottom level people cannot share their information and problems directly with the top level employees. For example if Gen managers in operation want to share some informations of below level they will talk to chief operations officer. He cannot speak to C.E.O directly. There are four departments in Pakn save the admin and HR department, operations department, and consulting and finance department. Below it there are senior and assistant managers. Below it there is team leaders and workers. This is centralized organization everyone has to report to the head office onl ine. If there is any information then head office provides to every store. It is a formal organization. All the operations like timing, relate to stoke, sales and customer services control by head office. Every employee has to work according to companys rules and regulations. Store managers cannot change anything related to their stores by themselves. Purpose of pakn save The name probably originates from the cost-saving practice of requiring that customers pack their own groceries. Pak n Save provides the cardboard boxes used for shipping products to the store, or plastic supermarket bags can be purchased at the checkout for 10 cents at North Island stores. South Island stores charge customers 5 cents per plastic bag. Customers are encouraged to purchase longer-lasting bags or to bring their own. The stores are laid out as supermarket aisles, but with minimalistic design. Extra products that are not on shelves are stacked above the shelves on the pallets they were delivered in. This means that the floor space can be used for retail and storage. The stores are supplied daily from their co-operative distributor Foodstuffs. Pak n Save stores often buy stock in bulk. This process means that stores dont offer a wide variety of products as full-service supermarkets a Consumer magazine survey noticed this especially in the pet food and toilet paper categories Some stores have self checkout self scanning facilities, where the customer scans each item as they put it in their shopping cart trolley. This reduces waiting time at the checkout, as payment is the only thing that occurs (apart from random re-scans). Conventional checkout operator scanning is also available. Pakn save management roles and skills PAKnSAVE follows a Food format unique to New Zealand supermarket shopping. They buy and stock a range of everyday basic products in bulk, and because we can do this in such large volumes it means that they can pass the savings on to customers, in the form of New Zealands lowest overall food prices. Customers will always find great specials in store they pride themselves on getting the best deals by taking advantage of opportunities to negotiate in the marketplace. They are also working hard every day to reduce costs in store so customers will find that their plain style stores have no fancy floor coverings, extravagant shelving or expensive lighting. In paknsave, they offer a practical and functional environment with wide aisles, where the grocery items are stacked on the shelf in their boxes so that its easy to shop, and there are lots of checkouts to get customers on their way as quickly as possible. Pakn save company does ask customers to pack customers own groceries, as they know that customers dont want to pay for any extras hidden in the price of the goods. Because pakn save reduce their costs by these methods, they can pass the savings directly on to clients, without reducing the quality of the products what they offer. Customers only need to check out pakn saves fresh food departments to find great quality fruit and vegetables, meat, seafood, deli and bakery items, all at competitively low prices. For your convenience, some PAKnSAVE stores have fuel pumps located on-site. When you buy groceries at these stores you receive discounts on every liter of fuel that you purchase from PAKnSAVE Fuel. The value of your discount is tied to the amount you spend in store so the more you spend, the more you save! At the moment, PAKnSAVE Fuel is only available at the following stores in the region: Botany Downs, Manukau,, Pukekohe and Lincoln North. Problems faced by paknsave and their solutions Paknsave has to face 2 types problems:- Structured :- Those problems which have already decided or definite solution is known as structured problems. For e.g. the problems regarding customer complaints and reduction in product rates already have some solutions. Unstructured: Those problems which have an uncertainty and no definite format for the solution is known as unstructured problems. For e.g competition of market Problems Pakn Saves main competitors are stores owned by Progressive Enterprises, a division of Australian company Woolworths Limited. The main competitor is full-service discount chain Countdown, and to a lesser extent, Food town and Woolworths. Pakn Save also faces a small amount of competition from Foodstuffs full-service supermarket, New World. Problems are as followings- Structured- Customer complaints. Damaged products. Arrange products according to customer needs. More staff required during busy period. Unstructured- The first problem that organization is facing is that tax is increased so that firm is found very hard to keep its promise of lowest prices. This company is not selling all the food products that we need. People can see many things have charges which are lower than Pakn save products. People find some goods have lower find nearby small shops. How organization might make decisions. Brainstorming is a method of extracting a large number of ideas within a formal setting.The key features are as follows- All the staff is drawn from the team.There is a chairperson and a note maker who makes the note of the whole ideas given. Management Philosophies and practices of Paknsave groups: Task focus: Various tasks- The management has various tasks to focus on. The Management needs to decide that what tasks needs to be done in between a specific period of time. This helps the management o make easy to achieve the goal. It also helps the management to make follow on the rules and policies. People: Recruitment training performance appraisal- It all includes the hiring of new staff. This all can be known as recruitment. Some people on job give more preference in building relations with other workers or people but some people gives more preference to achieving the targets and goals of the company. People orientation (Relationship with people) Task orientation (Target achievement) Efficiency and effectiveness: The main factors on which the efficiency and effectiveness of the paknsave depends are as following: Location: The location of a paknsave plays a very important role in its efficiency. It should be situated on well localized place. So that people have not to face any type of problem while reaching there. Workforce: Most of the success of any business depends upon the workforce of the organization that how effective all the workers do their work at their positions. Same things implement here in paknsave group. Quality of products: If the quality of products in the paknsave would be admirable then everybody try to get stuff from here. Impact of internal and external environment: Internal environments influences: People:Customer satisfaction: All profits of a company/organization depend on the satisfaction of customers. If customers will be satisfied with the products of the company then it will enhance the sales and if sales will increase then it will also raise productivity as well as as employment. Eventually profit will automatically increased by these factors, same thing implement on Paknsave group. System:Quality: customer will only feel satisfied if the quality of the product will be reasonable. So this is also a core factors for the success of Paknsave group. People:Staff turnover: it is also a countable factor for the development of business. If this problem occurs in Paknsave group then it will lead this business to loss of productivity, as new staff will take some time to get up to speed, particularly in complex jobs. As well as customer dissatisfaction will also occur. The influence of PESTEL forces on Pakn save Economic effect 1) Food stuffs in New Zealands largest retail organisation and the second largest commercial organisation by revenue in New Zealand. Due to recession they are still employed employing more than 30,000 people nationwide. But due to recession it is going to be reducing in future. 2) Due to inflation because inflation is increased there is effect on consumer goods. So the prices is going to be increased but Paknsave prices is still lower than other retail stores .But due to great effect of inflation on the food products ,now Paknsave is going to lose their customers too. Environmental effects Pakn save constantly strive to serve the community better. It understand the needs of our customers, and are big supporters of their local communities through various environmental and community initiatives. 1.) Foodstuffs South Island is very disappointed to advise that due to the severe nature of the damage which has resulted from the earthquake, New World Kakapo will not be re-opening and will need to be re-built. Understandably, this is an incredibly distressing time for the local owners, 2) Andrew and Jacqui Palmer, and their staff. The supermarket currently has 34 full time and 52 part time staff employed who will all be affected. 3) After the earthquake in Christchurch Pakn save reduces their prices more than before but government is not going to reduce its taxes so they have to reduce their profit. But it is just for short time. 4) They said if NZ government reduces tax on consumer goods then they can be able to give extra advantages to people about quality and price. Technological effect The new $70 million Foodstuffs Wellington dry grocery distribution centre in Palmerton North is a smart operation that makes clever use of next-generation computer technology. By online shopping customers use to buy things .By using these technology sales of Pakn save is increasing. Now people do not have need to go out .they can give order for things online. Now Pakn save delivers goods at their customers home. That is way customers can save their fuel and time. Now new machine of packaging are established .So people can pack their own things very quickly and efficiently. Its automated system for handling small grocery items has already doubled productivity in what has traditionally been the most time-consuming operation of Foodstuffs warehousing. Operations Group General Manager David Cooper says the distribution centre, which began operating in January, has been designed to meet the current demands and future expansion of Foodstuffs Wellington Cooperative Society. The distribution centre on the corner of Roberts Line and Railway Road is huge. People are dwarfed by the size of the place which is the largest in Palmerton North and one of the biggest in the country south of Auckland. Inside the building, the feature that rivets the eye is the huge complex that dominates the central area. This is Foodstuffs automated picking system (APS). The 10-metre tall, steel lattice storage system for loose groceries is a computer-operated machine that was designed and installed by Australasian logistics solutions company, Dalmatic. High speed intelligent cranes are installed between each row of racks and they zoom in and out at high speed. They pick up totes from conveyor belts to store them and retrieve others for delivery to work stations. Legal influence By increasing the GST tax by 15% PaknSave has to increase its price rate in future. But Pakn save has to lose its customer. But Paknsave is not going to increase its price. It has to reduce its profit. Government also provide subsidy to some food products It will enjoy by people and services is provided by Pakn save. Socio-cultural Effect With changes of life style of people, people want products with cleanness. Pacs save provided products with cleanness and also provided wholesale prices .so people like to buy more products from that place. Paks save also changes its infrastructure and interior decoration according to customers .So that customers can visit more to Pak n save. Generally people spend more on Christmas days .So Paknsave also provides saving accounts offers to their customers so that customers can save more two months before for their shopping at Pak n save account. By this Paknsave will be going to open a account of their customers So that they can buy more at less money. Paknsave brands have been designed and developed over the years to best meet our customers various needs whether its for the weeks big shop At PAKnSAVE; shopping for that special dinner party at New World, or picking up essentials from your local, neighbourhood Four Square store. Source ( http://www.paknsave.co.nz/AboutUS/) Application of change management frameworks: Mostly these retail industries hire those workers who are inexperienced and not have enough skills to work in this particular job which create problems while dealing with customers. So, it should be change. Before hiring any worker a test or interview should be must. In accordance with Levins theory an organization has to overcome 3 stages of change which are: 1. Unfreezing 2. Change 3. Refreezing Source- While making this change firstly paknsave has to stop following old procedures regarding recruitment procedures. In next step they should start new training programmers so that they can make their work more efficient and applicable. In the last step warehouse will have to apply this change on the company. (Mind Tools, 2007; Syque, 2007) In accordance with Kotters Eight Step Model an organization has to overcome 8 steps which are: Source: The main reason of this change regarding recruitment procedure is that it is affecting the sales and profit of the paknsave because it doesnt have effective workers. For setting new rules and regulations a team is must which involves those workers who can plan and set these goals effectively. Then this team should set some goals for the better future of the company. Afterwards, this change should be tell to the all workers so that they can understand the need of change and follow the vision which is set up by team. After that the team should be given the authority to implement this change on paknsave. A short term survey is must so that they can know the output of the company after the implementation of new procedure. At last this change should made permanent if it works efficiently(Chapman, 2006).

Analysis of poetic techniques in The Company of Lovers Essay -- Judith

Judith Wright, who was born during the First World War, lived through, and was greatly influenced by, many wars that Australia had involved herself in. During an interview in 1985, Judith Wright recounts how her childhood was overshadowed by images of war, and therefore many of her earliest memories were connected with war and its effects. The constant presence of danger forced Wright to confront her awareness that all life ends in death, which has haunted her poetry throughout her years. The fear of death and loss has been expressed in 'The Company of Lovers', which was published in 1946, after Wright saw the influence of the Second World War on Australia. Judith Wright's success in translating human existence into poetry has resulted in a rich creation of exuberant expression and sincerity. Her poetry has the ability to connect reason and emotion through various poetic techniques in such a way that knowledge and experience are represented in a powerful yet dense fashion. One would find a great challenge in expressing deep experiences in a poem consisting of simply two octaves. However, through the employment of poetic techniques Judith Wright has captured her knowledge of life and death, and the effects of war, and successfully translated them into her poem ?The Company of Lovers?. This poem reflects an entire generation, worldwide, who went to war, and their lovers and family who were left behind, indicated in the opening line, ?We meet and part now over all the world?. Wright has employed a paradox, ?We meet and part? to encourage an awareness of coinciding union and departure. This paradox serves two functions, to suggest that a brief moment between lovers may soon be disrupted, and to communicate said idea in a condensed... ...remarkable capacity to go beyond and above what can be grasped by the senses. ?The Company of Lovers?, which literally associates love and death, contains a raw essence that supports attributes of reality which explores the connection between inner existence and actual reality, which is effectively and concisely represented through these use of poetic devices, such as paradox? and personification. Wright?s concern with love and death, a feminist and metaphysical issue, had been constantly in her thoughts. However, later in her life, once she had met her lover and had their daughter, she was able to accept death as not an enemy but as phase in the cyclical nature of life. Through the use and develop of poetic techniques, such as structure, language, imagery and movement, Wright has been able to address her concerns with love and death in a vivid but compacted manner.

Evidence-based practice Essay

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a system of incorporating research findings into nursing practice so as to improve the therapeutic outcomes. (Polit, F. D & Beck, T. C, 2010). â€Å"The evidence based practice places particular emphasis on the use of evidence, in particular research findings, in clinical decision making†. (Parahoo, K, 2006). During past clinical exposures, the issues regarding post natal depression were found as a less explored one because of the complex involvement of both mental health nursing and maternal and child health nursing. â€Å"Postpartum psychosis is a manifestation of a life time vulnerability to affective disorders with child birth as the precipitating factor† (Spinelli, M. G, 2009).The focused clinical question discussed here, which is an important element in an evidence based practice is as follows; How effective is the education of nurses about postpartum depression in helping to identify and reduce postpartum depression among new moth ers in a maternal ward or community?. According to the PICOT strategy for formulating EBP questions, here, the population is ‘new mothers’, the intervention is education of nurses about postpartum depression and outcome is ‘identify and reduce postpartum depression’. The clinical settings chosen for this focused clinical question is maternal ward in a hospital as well as community settings. It is based on the general assumption that initial care will be given in a Hospital maternal ward followed by contact care given in community settings. Having a baby is a joyous moment, but for some women it also brings worries as well as stress. Many recent study reports highlight alarming rates of occurrence of post natal depression. About 10% of new mothers suffer from the most severe form of post natal depression.(Science Daily, 2010). It is evident that, being the closest aid of a post natal delivered woman, maternal and child health nurse can do a lot in identifying and reducing post natal depression. Here, an attempt is made to explore and analyse the educational aspect of nurses in alleviating the said problem. The online databases chosen for this assignment is CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) . A systematic search stra tegy has been carried out using key words such as postnatal depression, postnatal emotional disturbance, puerperal depression, perinatal depression, psychosis, nursing care, nurse knowledge, nursing care, and education. More than 700 results were yielded initially when postnatal depression used as the key words. The  results were narrowed by choosing the publication dates between January 2000 and December 2010. Results were further sorted by re arranging them in a date descending order and a suitable article titled ‘Detection, treatment and referral of perinatal depression and anxiety by obstetrical providers’(Goodman ,J,H, Tyer-Viola, L, 2010) obtained. Key words were combined by using Boolean operator ‘AND’. The combination of key words postnatal depression and nursing interventions generated 4 results, and among them, two results with titles, ‘Improving the postnatal outcomes of new mothers’ (Morse C, Durkin S, Buist A, and Milgrom J, 2004) and Comparison of effects of nursing care to problem solving training on levels of depressive symptoms in post partum women’ (Tezel, A and Gozum, S, 2006) were found relevant for the focused clinical question.

Marketing Plan Skylarknet a Wireless Essay

Wireless mesh networking is the latest tech in this field. Internet pro Wireless networks provide unprecedented freedom and mobility for a growing number of laptop and PDA users who no longer need wires to stay connected with their workplace and the Internet. Ironically, the very devices that provide wireless service to these clients need lots of wiring themselves to connect to private networks and the Internet. This wiring is expensive to install and change, and deployment must be carefully planned and timed to minimize disruption to normal business operations. Permits or permissions may be required, and then there are the laborious tasks of pulling, terminating and testing the copper wiring or fiber optic cabling. With all the work involved, it should not be surprising that wiring can be the most expensive part of a â€Å"wireless† network! Indeed, the many obstacles associated with wiring are now preventing or delaying the deployment of wireless applications that could deliver a real competitive advantage or a high return on investment—or both. This marketing plan provides an overview of implementing Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) service for the first time in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. Wireless Mesh Network is an exciting new technology which has tremendous potential especially for a developing country like Bangladesh. Quite a few African countries are already benefiting from this novel technology. Supported by the growing buying power, a number of desktop and laptop users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh are badly in need of high quality internet service. In the world of internet the best suitable option stands for the suburban areas is the wireless technology. We plan to act as a service and equipment provider for the local ISP dealers and some institutional market such as university campus, NGO, hospitals and nursing home etc. As we are the pioneer of this new technology we conducted an insightful analysis of the competitor’s position and their offerings. The marketing plan starts with the situational analysis of the current market. External and internal factor analysis (SWOT analysis) provides a clear picture of current scenario. Grameen Phone, Qubee, Banglalion, ZoomUltra are our main competitors. But the cost of their offering is much higher than ours. Because there lies a higher establishment cost. Eliminating wires dramatically reduces the implementation costs, and substantially simplifies on-going operations. Without wires, the network becomes far more adaptable and flexible. That’s why we focus on the cost effectiveness and performance of the WMN service. We identify our company as a market challenger and set some strategies suitable for the challengers. Some pilot projects are planned to create the awareness among target customers. Based on these projects success further promotional and pricing strategies are set. In the later part of the report the feasibility of this marketing plan is justified by the financial analysis. Expense and sales are forecasted for the next three years followed by a break-even analysis. Overall monitoring and contingency plan (in the case of failure) completes the total planning for our company. Introduction In this world of modern technology, most people prefer not to connect computers with Ethernet cables because excessive cables scattered throughout their office or home is unsightly. One can choose to install a wireless network to avoid excessive cabling. For a wireless network, there is no need to use Ethernet cables to connect your computers to the DSL or router. Moreover, WLANs are available anywhere in the world at an affordable cost. In the suburban and rural areas Wireless tech suits best. Wireless mesh networking is the newest tech in wireless field. Our objective is to identify the potential suburban customers of Bangladesh who can afford a cost-effective internet service. Origin of the Study This report has been prepared a requirement to fulfill the course. This report evaluates the business opportunity of latest wireless mesh network technology in the suburban areas of Bangladesh from service provider point of view. Objective of the Study The primary objective of this report is to fulfill the course requirement of â€Å"Marketing Management†. The secondary objective is to describe a detail marketing plan for a new technology. Limitation of the Study There is no authentic statistics about the potential number of internet users in the suburban areas of Bangladesh. As this is a new technology, the costs of the equipments vary depending on the different manufacturers. We are making a new entry, so the estimation of potential market is based on the secondary data of other existing competitors rather than the primary data. Sales and expense is forecasted on the discretion of our part that may vary widely in real case implementation. Unavailability of previous year’s financial report necessitates greater recourse to mere guessing in some cases. Situational Analysis What is WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)? Mesh networks represent an emerging wireless networking technology that promises wider coverage than traditional wireless LANs and lower deployment and operation costs than 3G cellular networks. For these reasons, network operators and service providers consider mesh networking to be a serious candidate to solve the so called last mile problem. Some network operators worldwide have already started to deploy mesh based access networks offering nearly ubiquitous and inexpensive wireless Internet connections to their customers. Examples are Ozone’s mesh network in Paris (www. zone. net/en/) and The Cloud in the City of London (www. thecloud. net). The real business potential lies in operator based mesh networks. By their systematic design, deployment, and maintenance, operator based mesh networks provide higher levels of Quality-of-Service (QoS), meaning larger coverage, higher speed, and more reliable operation. In addition, it can be argued that mesh network operators in a give n geographical area will cooperate in order to further optimize their costs and increase the QoS provided by their networks. The form of the cooperation can range from traditional roaming agreements to joint provision of specific services. Figure 1: Wireless Mesh Network Strategic planning is important because in well-run companies the goal from the very top of the organization down to where one is working should form a more-or-less unbroken chain (or â€Å"hierarchy†) of goals. At the top of the company the president and his or her staff set strategic goals. These goals should flow from top and make sense in terms of the goals at the next level up. Then the vice presidents’ subordinates set their own goals, and so on down the line. In this way, management creates a hierarchy or chain of departmental goals, from the top down the lowest-ranked managers, and even employees. Then , if everyone does his or her job-if each salesperson sells his her quota, and the sales manager hires enough good salespeople, and the HR manager creates the right incentive plan, and the purchasing head buysand CEO should also accomplish the overall, company-wide strategic goals. One could therefore say with great certainty that without a clear plan at the top, no one in the company would have the foggiest notion of what to do. Wireless Internet Market in Bangladesh Wireless Internet Service was first introduced to Bangladesh in public by cell phone giant Grameen Phone. Then other GSM mobile phone operators like Banglalink, Aktel and Warid follow suit. Citycell, the only CDMA based mobile phone operator in Bangladesh introduced the Zoom internet service, which was a little different from the other mobile phone operators in that consumers could connect to internet by using a USB modem included in the Zoom package. Later on Grameen Phone also introduced a package where they include an USB modem.

What value is there for you in the study of the cinema of the past

What value is there for you in the study of the cinema of the past?Cinema as an art form has stood the test of time for over one hundred years, since the Lumiere Brothers exhibited a series of moving images to the public in 1895. What started off as a documentary-tableau style of moving photography progressed into a contrived and well-planned medium. New filmmakers were pushing the medium further. Georges Melies A Trip to the Moon (1902) showcased a vaudeville style previously only seen in theatres. Edward S. Porters The Life of an American Fireman (1903) and more so The Great Train Robbery of the same year put forward the idea of story telling through space and time, via the unique technique of editing scenes together. He also hinted at the importance of the protagonist and antagonist to carry the narrative through to the viewer.The success of these early films aroused the interest in several entrepreneurs who, having seen the great public demand, saw what could turn out to be a great money-spinner. The new place to be was California as the second gold rush began, that is, Hollywood. At first there was a large number of companies set up to cash in on this new industry. However, it was a highly competitive business and a lot of the equipment and talent was owned by a small number of larger companies, such as the Edison Company. This led to a number of small businesses going under or being bought up by the self-sufficient larger companies. By 1920 the system had calmed down somewhat. Hollywood was home to the production side of several large studios such as Universal, Paramount, First National, Loews-Metro (MGM) and Warners. These studios still had their front offices in New York to handle all financial transactions. Their integrated system of production, distribution and exhibition monopolised !the market and seemed impenetrable to anyone who was not affiliated with the Majors.The comp...

Technology Evaluation - Big Data Analytics Research Paper

Technology Evaluation - Big Data Analytics - Research Paper Example Furthermore, Sathi (2012) explains that most enormous data projects normally originate from the desire of answering specific questions relating to business operations. These questions might include on how to increase sales, effectively manage the organization's human resources, and methods of cutting organizational costs. Liebowitz (2013) therefore maintains that with the right platform of big data analytics, an organization will gain the capacity of increasing efficiency, boosting sales, improving operations, risk management, and customer service. This paper is an evaluation study plan, aimed at understanding the benefits and costs of using the technology of Big Data Analytics. In meeting the objectives of this paper, the researcher will identify the research questions that this technology aims to solve, methods used in conducting the study, the limitations, and timeline of events. As large business organizations initiate measures of improving the security system of their computer networks, a common method is being used to employ security staff, as well as establishing a central Information Technology security system (Bethlehem and Biffignandi, 2012). Business organizations have increased an emphasis on the physical security, personal safety, as well as the protection of their important critical infrastructures. This has led business organizations and higher learning institutions to develop a wide range of job titles, reporting relationships, segmented job functions, for purposes of describing how to approach the privacy of data, and protecting personal information, intellectual properties, and security of networks and computer systems (Kibert, 2012). Big Data Analytics concerns itself with analyzing enormous volumes of data, and this becomes a security issue.

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination - Essay Example Major emigration from Sweden to America started after 1839, when the initial organized emigrant communities began to arrive in New York (Beijbom 1996). From 1850 to 1929, more than 1.3 million Swedes migrated to America, a quantity that covered around 26 percent of the total population of Sweden during that time. Sweden had one of the top rates of emigration of all of the European countries. The rates of immigration to America varied every year, nevertheless, mirroring economic conditions in both Sweden and America. The first major migration of Swedes to the United States came between 1868 and 1873, as famine in their home country and opportunity for land in America encouraged around a hundred thousand Swedes, primarily farm families, from Sweden. (Granquist 2009) Swedish-Americans had relatively little negative experience with regard to discrimination, because the Swedes did not experience some of the cruelties other ethnic groups experienced. Swedish immigrants were in general well accepted by majority of Americans and appeared to mingle well with their neighbors. It helped that the Swedes were seen as welcome immigrants, because they came from a Protestant northern European nation (Granquist 2009). All in all, Swedish Americans were educated, possessed skills, and industrious type of people, and found employment on farms and in mines and factories. Young Swedish women were particularly in demand as domestic servants in American homes. In many areas in the United States during that time, Swedes lived near other Scandinavian and German immigrants. A conventional typecast of nineteenth-century Swedish immigrants was that they were either farmers or agricultural laborers in the countryside areas, or domestic servants in urban areas. There was a certain amount of veracity in this typecast since such jobs were often occupied by immigrants who have recently reached the United States. Many Swedish immigrants were educated, skilled, and self-driven,