Applying Educational Technology Delivery Options Essay

It has been essential to create active media wherein students can actively apply concepts and theories learned in class. These ideas provide opportunities for every educator to gauge each ones capability and bring out specific skills that can make them competent in the subject matter. Since the concept of facilitation involves the incorporation of interactive technology in areas of healthcare technology, it is essential to elaborate and point out types of media that can be included in the application of course design. Classroom Message Boards One relevant method that can be used in the facilitation of understanding ethical issues in healthcare technology is the use of message boards. Under this process, students are expected to use the Internet via virtual classrooms to communicate topics and view instructions necessary for gaining competency on a specific case (ASTD, 2006). This in turn necessitates increasing opportunities for students and participants to express their view and ideas that may have been hampered by constricted time and other factors inside the classroom environment. Such idea becomes feasible especially if the overall objective of the educator remains rooted on implementing competence on the topic being discussed. Evaluating on this method, classroom message boards are an important instrument in enhancing teaching methods. This practice serves as a tool in intensifying the ability of an educator to engage students in active discussions (ASTD, 2006). To actively apply this, using an on-line classroom may be appropriate. Moreover, the teacher may need to provide his/her instructional and training video that can help students browse through these system with relative ease. Under this condition, both parties can maximize and develop active ways not only in communication but sharing of information that is relevant for their individual growth. On-line Blackboards Another essential technological delivery option available is using on-line blackboards on educating students about the ethical issues in healthcare technology. This component looks into the provision of creating specific tasks and responsibilities for both students and teachers (Blackboard Inc, 2009). Such actions can revolve from the creation of courses to the inclusion of material and objectives necessary for its completion. These in turn provides effective usage of cooperative and collaborative tools needed to enrich the learning experience of students. Applying this to the current classroom setup, the overall idea here involves creating programs aimed at making students appreciate content online and encouraging students to research, post, and incorporate lessons to responses. In here, online interactions are encouraged among participants as they come up and share their thoughts and responses in a particular health topic. This can then result to greater understanding of the ideas and principles surrounding the concept discussed (Blackboard Inc, 2009). These exchanges in communication via threads are one option for educators to check how the application of on-line blackboards can address the specific learning objective. With all of these, the use of on-line blackboards and classroom message boards are a vital media component to achieve effective delivery in such scenario. Since the method of teaching involves an active learning approach, these elements can be applied accordingly because of its ability to increase participation and active evaluation of content necessary to achieve understanding about the idea of ethics under healthcare technology. Thus, such facilitation not only helps educators support their objectives within the classroom but also intensify schemes that are responsible and effective. References ASTD. org (2006) 4: Training Delivery Options and Media. [online] Retrieved August 6, 2009 from, www. astd. org/NR/†¦ /AOE2Chapter4revision. pdf 7-26 Blackboard Inc. (2009) Blackboard Learn for Course Delivery: Educational Program Development. [online] Retrieved August 6, 2009 from http://www. blackboard. com/Resources/Training/CD_Onsite_EducationalDevelopment_R9. pdf 1-4 Blackboard Inc. (2009) Blackboard Learn: From Course Delivery to Academic Collaboration. [online] Retrieved August 6, 2009 from http://www. blackboard. com/Resources/Training/AC_Onsite_CD_to_AC_R9. pdf 1-3

Parle G: Marketing

Parole G Is the world's largest manufacturer of biscuits by volume or tonnage and has been in the numerous nun spot since a very long time. It has done so primarily by positioning its product, Parole G Biscuit, at optimally affordable rates which caters to customers from all walks of life especially the low income groups In the Bottom of the Pyramid. Of late, due to Inflation and evolution of economic factors, the Input of two major raw materials, sugar and weight which constitutes 55% of the manufacturing cost have risen provoking the management to rethink on the pricing strategy.The outcome of this inflation has resulted in the decrease In the margin It used to command. The dip has been from 15% to 10% of margins of Its total revenues. Management is now mulling over to raise the price to reinstate the margins at 15% as previously mandated. Proving Giuliani, the GM of Parole Products has to take two major decisions regarding the above scenario and they are as follows:- These questio ns needs to be addressed as soon as possible because of the presence of competitive products and companies in the same domain.The other very visible trend that management bore witness to, was the gradual migration of consumer pending to high-end biscuit segment belonging to the sweet, cream and milk categories. This trend was seen to be taking place within the portfolio of Parole G products and in the industry it was operating in.The Pricing Strategy Decision One of the methods to zero in on a pricing strategy Is a careful analysis of the existing product biz a biz the price and the quality. Parole G biscuit, as can be Inferred from the case, is a high quality biscuit with a low price.High Quality here does not mean premium biscuits as the like of Bourbon or Ore; It means that the utility generated Day ten product Is very null. 0 Turner Loretta, take ten example AT Monika Phones that are available in the market. The range varies from INNER 1200 (approve) to figures substantial than that. The lower segment phone still generates world class service that comes within such price. Hence, the quality being high and the price being low, the company has followed Penetration Strategy. This allows for the marketing objective of proportioning increasing sales volumes or market share rather make profits.This method of Pricing has the following advantages:- ; It can create goodwill among the early adopters segment. This can create more trade wrought word of mouth. ; It creates cost control and cost reduction pressures from the start, leading to greater efficiency. ; It discourages the entry of competitors. Low prices act as a barrier to entry (Porter 5 forces analysis). ; It can create high stock turnover throughout the distribution channel. This can create critically important enthusiasm and support in the channel.The major disadvantage of Price Penetration is that it establishes long term price expectations on the part of the consumers and hence companies find it difficu lt to raise prices later in the years to come. Studies have shown that switchers (bargain hunters) are attracted by such pricing strategies and that is the reason why Parole G witnessed a dip in sales after it went ahead with a price increase. We can further say that the huge customer base that Parole G has garnered are extremely price sensitive individuals and will switch once prices rise.All said and done, if we again carefully examine the situation of Parole G before the mentioned inflationary setbacks hit them, we see the following points that do merit mentioning:- ; Product demand is highly price elastic. Substantial economies of scale are available. The product is suitable for a mass market as a result of high demand ;The product has a chance to face stiff competition in the future For Parole G to win in the market place it has to devise strategies centered on Price Penetration since following any of the other strategies will have immediate ramifications or would not fit into the scheme of things.In short, Price increase is not the best feasible options Parole G has. Product Life Cycle On the Product Life Cycle front, it's absolutely important to trace where Parole G lies. As on the date of the case, it's very visible that the product had attained maturity and NY change in market environment or internal strategy could either destabilize leading the product to dip or sustain the current traction of maturity. Parole G, being excessively price sensitive should ensure to stabilize the product and that would mean adopting practices and strategies which would ensure penetration without changing the price.The other option we can thus look into is reducing grammar. This was done before with success and it can be replicated again however this has to be done without compromising on quality Ana calorie. I en toner long term Implication AT tens P owe the other products of Parole G are faring. Hide & Seek and Milan are both on a growth stage while at the same time th e growth potential of the premium market is pegged at 20% annually, more than 15% in the glucose category. Parole G can hence focus on this segment proactively as well.This is not proposed to offset the decline in the glucose segment but to De-risk the company and take advantage of the booming middle class of India that grows significantly every year. From Exhibit 2, the population of seekers and aspires are growing significantly. The Representation of the data is as follows:- Recommendations and future plan of action:- 1. Proposed reduction in grammar of INNER 4 from 82. G to egg Rationale: The INNER 4. 00 SKU contributes 1 1. 9 billion (2008-09) which is 34% of Parse's total Revenue and 50% of Parole G revenue.This SKU caters to the largest segment of consumers. As mentioned before, the price of the product cannot be changed due to high price elasticity of demand, therefore to mitigate the fall in margin, we propose a decrease in the grammar of this SKU from 82. G to egg. This red uction of 2. 5 g would lead to a reduction in the costs of 3. 03% per unit of INNER 4 SKI-J. Since the margins are a direct function of the cost and this particular SKU comprises of a large percentage of the business, this reduction in grams would increase the margins considerably. 2.Target the socioeconomic classes of RI, RE, RE and RE Rationale: This segment consists of the rural population of 145. 7 million households out of which 68. 3 million households are current consumers of the brand. Thus 53. 1% of this segment is still untapped which we believe is a tremendous potential for the company. This segment, also referred to as the BOP, is primarily attracted by the low prices and therefore the smaller SKU s. If we can increase our customer base in this segment, the decrease in cost in the SKU by reduction in grammar would be able to overcome the fall in margins.

Alcohol Abuse And Substance Abuse

The Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse on Fetal Development Natalie Fontanella Liberty University Online Abstract This paper examined the effects of alcohol and substance abuse on fetal development in expecting mothers. The critical periods of fetal development during pregnancy are reviewed and discussed in order to determine the effects alcohol and substance can cause during certain stages. In order to gain a more efficient understanding of the effects different substances can have on fetal†¦ Substance Abuse Along with stress, family dysfunction, and social isolation, substance abuse has also been linked with an increased risk of child abuse and neglect. Aspects of the family environment can be a useful and vital assessment aspect for identifying child abuse and neglect. According to a study conducted by Shanta Dube, Robert Anda, Vincent Felitti, Janet Croft, Valerie Edwards, and Wayne Gills (2001), there was a strong relationship between parental alcohol abuse and each of the 10 adverse†¦ Alcohol Abuse Amber Wienberg Brown Mackie College- Lenexa, KS July 11, 2015 Alcohol Abuse Alcohol is the most abuse and widely used substance (Fortinash & Worret, 2012, pg. 333). According to Fortinash and Worret, 9.6% of American males and 3.2% of American females are alcohol dependent (2012, pg. 33). As stated by Psychology Today, alcohol abuse is defined by: failure to fulfill major school, work or home responsibilities, drink and driving, reoccurring legal issues related to alcohol†¦ policing, the use of alcohol and substance abuse has risen within the departments. Studies concerning the connection between alcohol and PTSD have shown that officers tend to turn to drugs and alcohol if they have Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The use of drugs have led to addiction and even police corruption. This problem has become an epidemic for the police in today’s society. Citizens may argue that police are no different than an average citizen on substance abuse or that drugs actually†¦ Research Methodology There are very few studies on yoga intervention on alcohol and substance abuse. There ae several factors associated with substance abuse that prevents patients from relapse. Participants will be select based on the following criteria: the age, the employment status and the patient admitted for long-term inpatient treatment. The patient age 18 and over, who are currently employed in a firm and who are admitted in the facility as inpatient will be recruited for the research. The†¦ Alcohol may seem to be very innocent to people and a way to socialize with others even though that at times can be true it can also be very harmful and in some cases dangerous. Studies show that impulsivity has long been considered a risk factor for harmful alcohol use. Advances in neurocognitive models of impulse control have allowed substance abuse researchers to understand how dysfunction of specific cognitive mechanisms underlying behavioral control can contribute to substance use (Fillmore†¦ A main issue that is still occurring in the military is the many cases of the substance abuse. The USA Today news article, â€Å"Ex-soldier Returns to Fight Substance Abuse in Military† talks about Frank L. Greenagel Jr. who opened up his own counseling center for substance abuse. He also served in the military and agreed that there are many individuals who are dealing with substance addiction. These individuals need help before things could potentially become fatal. Greenagel discusses how one of†¦ Substance abuse and addiction has become so common that almost every individual has been or will be affected by its consequences. Substance abuse and addiction does not only affect the individual directly battling with it, but also impacts the lives of many others. Alcohol and substance abuse counseling is a career path that has interested me due to my personal experiences associated with alcohol and substance abuse. There are many different people battling with alcohol and substance abuse who†¦ Lauren’s alcohol consumption, especially in the form of binge drinking, is a form of substance abuse and is considered a health-risk behaviour (Buultjens & Buultjens, 2015). Therefore, it is important to note that active substance abuse correlates with poor adherence to prescribed treatments in adolescents (Costello et al., 2016). Furthermore, it is observed that adolescents who display one type of risk-taking behavior are more likely to engage in further forms of risk-taking in regard to their health†¦ People suffer from substance abuse such as; drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Most people mistakenly think that those who suffer from substance abuse do not have the willpower nor does that person want to stop using drugs. What those people don’t understand, drug abuse or some might call it drug addiction is a complex disease. (Signs and Symptoms of Substance Abuse, 2016). When a person is abusing drugs quitting it easier say, than done. Drugs can affect and change the brain and the body making the process†¦

Infant Death in Developing Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Infant Death in Developing Countries - Essay Example People therefore, have the mandate of donating any amount of assistance which would later be transferred to areas of need by these non-governmental organizations (Semba, 2008, p 88). Connection of the world to become a global village has made it possible for people to interact with each other and help each other. Each person has a mandate of ensuring that all people either in developing or developed countries enjoy their stay in the world. This is through giving out the sharing the little that one has in order to save the life of another one. The people are connected by one spirit of being humans (Semba 2008, p.90). It is therefore, responsibility of each person to ensure that the no one is starving when one has the ability to help. When each person takes the mandate of helping the starving children, it would be possible to eradicate hunger in earth making it possible for each person to enjoy life. In conclusion, it is the mandate of each person to ensure that starving images of children in developing countries are eliminated completely. This is through sharing the little that a person have with the rest of the

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomics - Essay Example In order to justify the arguments mentioned in the article, the author has used different economic theories. Equilibrium Theory of Economics: The author of the article implicitly described that the political leaders believe that the equilibrium in the economy will be achieved with the help of tax cut strategy. The assumption that lies behind the strategy of tax cut was that by reducing the taxes the economy will grow further and the economy may be able to achieve equilibrium position. First of all, it is important to develop cognizant regarding the equilibrium theory. Equilibrium theory of economics depends upon the behavior of demand and supply along with the prices of the whole economy (Scarf, 2008). The combination of quantity and the prices, where demand equals supply, is referred to as the equilibrium point. This equilibrium point is the point, where the economic growth is at its peak. The strategy, which is being followed by the US Govt. since last 10 years, was to reduce the t axes so the purchasing power of the people can be increased and the economic growth can reach approximately at its peak. Implicitly, the Govt. of United States Of America is assuming the equilibrium theory of economics persists. ... The strategy of tax cut prevails throughout the period. Now the question arises why the tax cut strategy could not be successful? The answer lies in the explanation of Keynesian Theory of Economics. Keynisian Theory Of Economics: One of the most significantly studied economic theories by the author of the article is the Keynesian theory. The Keynesian theory describes the fact that there are number of different factors that must be considered when studying the cause and effect relationships (Keynes, 2004). The article has beautifully described the facts that during the period of tax cuts the economy could not grow properly, but the period of economic growth could be significantly seen when the tax rates were high David Leonhardt, the author of the article has conducted the correlation analysis. The basic concept behind the Keynesion economic theory is that the aggregate demand and supply may never be equal for the economic growth. In other words, the equilibrium point, where the dema nd equals supply may not necessarily be the point of highest economic growth. The reason is that there are many other factors that may have profound impacts on the economic growth. The US Govt. must also consider those other factors to define the economic growth. The basic presumption behind the tax cut strategy, was that in short term the tax cut put money in the people’s pocket and in the long run people will work harder if they keep more of the next dollar they earn. The Govt. did not focus on other related and important factors. One of the most important considerations was that the people who care about hitting the specific income target might work less because they can hit that particular income target more easily. In addition to this, the economy has also experienced deficit,

Business statistics-----Summarizing Data Statistics Project

Business -----Summarizing Data - Statistics Project Example Given this trend income is likely to increase and people now can afford more luxury items. The major increase was in people earning above $40000 and decline in the income below that range. This shows that this income is becoming a base-line income with time. During the same period there has been increase in Asian ethnicity in the USA and decrease in other ethnicities. So, in developing country those snacks the taste of Asian community should be under great consideration and as they have increased by about 60% in 2000 when comparing with 1990s. Similarly there has been a trend that people are moving towards buying their own house than living in rented house. This shows increase in Living Standard and Disposable income which mean that people will be able to afford the snacks if they are good. As far as employment statistics are concerned there has been an increase in absolute number of people employed but percentage wise unemployment has risen which is not a good indicator. Those in work, Most of them drive themselves to work alone. This shows the increase in living standard as people are not using motor cycles to work and very few of them taking public transport to work. Most of the people take around 20-34 minutes to reach their work.

Find a case study of an ERP implementation and prepare a critical

Find a of an ERP implementation and prepare a critical summary. The will outline an ERP implementation that has been successful or unsuccessful - either is perfectly OK - Case Study Example 140). Also, the short-term solutions applied to the problems experienced during the implementation of ERP systems have substantial side effects whenever the systems go live. The essay presents an investigation into the management strategies adopted by the Pharma Inc. project team in their efforts to stimulate what is now referred to as the best practices of ERP implementation. The case involves a multinational pharmaceutical firm that decides to implement specific technical skills (SAP) to a large number of worldwide sites(Tan & Payton, 2010, p. 77). The single instance SAP is implemented through the manufacturing subsidiary department of the Pharma Inc. Ideally, the manufacturing subsidiary is termed a ‘primary site’ since it produces active ingredients used in other secondary sites that tablet and package the drugs. One attractive feature in this case study is that previous ERP implementation was only carried out on secondary sites. The manufacturing subsidiary in this case study was the first primary site to be implemented based on the new SAP system. Based on the skills gained in developing the global template, project members were solicited by the Pharma Inc. team to assist in the rollout of other primary sites. The overall level of preparation done by the project team members on the local site was right. The success of the project was encouraged by the fact that other manufacturing sites had already gone live based on the global template of an ERP system (Tan & Payton, 2010, p. 246). Project members understood that their primary objective was to comply with the industry standards in order to withstand any audit from the Food and Drug Administration. From this point of view, the project was seen as a necessary investment to avoid extra costs. All the stakeholders involved agreed in unison that the benefits derived from the ERP system would for the greater good

Research Design Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design - Research Proposal Example The statement helps the reader to understand the reality that the failure of a number of children to learn to read and write during the initial stage of their schooling has become a serious problem. Many of the children in America and the Asian countries have faced difficulty in learning various language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The journal article named Illiteracy in America: What to Do about It notices that â€Å"But the fact t hat so many Americans graduate without these basic reading and writing skills points to the breakdown of this l adder out of illiteracy and underscores the point that it may be the condition of education that is the real determinant of illiteracy.† (Illiteracy in America: What to do about it? 1989). It is evident that the social, economical, and cultural factors play a vital role in promoting literacy problem among the students. The Primary and Secondary level students from both the rural and urban areas have faced the problem of literacy in their learning process. Researchers and educational professionals often mentioned that learning or knowledge acquisition is a complex process. Sentence formation is considered as a major step in language learning. Here, the teacher shows some pictures and objects and asked the students to say what they have observed. Educational philosophers have formed a number of learning theories and techniques for students. â€Å"In the past several years, the constructive thesis has taken on a significant role in the theorizations and practices of the international education community.† (Larochelle, Bednarz & Garrison, 1998). Exponents of social constructive theory argue that; â€Å"According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments.† (Social development theory (Vygotsky), 2008). Students show

Textual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Textual Analysis - Essay Example For him, group absolution means the dominance of the group influence over individual will. Grossman effectively convinces the audience through pathos and logos that people can kill another person because of their group bonds that dissolve their accountability and promote their anonymity, although he commits the fallacies of false analogy, biased sample, and confusing cause and effect, when he fails to expand his sampling and to identify other probable motivations and conditions for killing. Grossman effectively convinces the audience through pathos that it takes emotional bonding to do something as hard as killing another human being, as well as being killed. He uses different emotional examples to support his claim. For instance, he mentions Dinter who explains that the â€Å"integration of the individual in the group† can be so deep that when the group is destroyed or defeated, individuals either fall to depression or commit suicide (Grossman 149-150). This example is emotio nally charged because it describes how people give up their lives when their groups falter. Furthermore, Grossman highlights the emotional connections involved in group bonding that can overpass the will of survival. He cites the account of a veteran U.S. Marines Corp. Gwynne Dyer, who underlines the role of â€Å"peer pressure† in combat, while Ardant du Picq calls it â€Å"mutual surveillance† (Grossman 150). He mentions these people who believe that groups form emotional connections, which make them extremely aware of and sensitive to one another’s opinions and actions. In addition, Grossman uses examples of emotional value to stress the association between emotional group bonds and individual action. He narrates the action of Audie Murphy as a form of gallantry: â€Å"[Murphy] won the Medal of Honor by single-handedly taking on a German infantry company† (Grossman 155). The word â€Å"single-handedly† suggests that, for Grossman, what Murphy di d is not stupid, but rather admirable. Grossman extends this admiration by quoting something deeply emotional from Murphy, who said that he attacked the Germans against all odds because â€Å"they were killing [his] friends† (Grossman 155). Murphy is illustrated as a selfless, devoted comrade, an emotional tactic that depicts how emotions surpass rationality in the context of heroic acts. Grossman, hence, clearly articulates through the testimonies of others that killing is a group business with strong emotional attachment, and not a product of individual will alone. While using pathos, Grossman also employs logos to explain how the group shapes individual combat behavior. He uses analogy to describe the parallelism between animal and human group behavior. He narrates the result of the 1972 research of Kruck, who learned that some animals slaughter prey that are more than necessary for their consumption because of group behavior (Grossman 151). Grossman believes that the same analogy applies to people in groups, where they think and act like a herd, instead of as separate individuals. He adds the explanation of Shalit, which he believes is important to corroborate his analogy. Shalit believes that â€Å"senseless violence in the animal world† is similar to â€Å"violence in the human domain,† and in both cases, groups are the ones who conduct violent acts, not individuals (Grossman 151). Senseless violence cannot be performed by one individual in normal cases, but groups can

What was the short-term contribution of William Wilberforce to the Coursework

What was the short-term contribution of William Wilberforce to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 - Coursework Example William Wilberforce was instrumental in abolishing slavery in 1807. Astute group William Wilberforce joined an astute group of United Kingdom politicians who focused all their time, energy, and money to abolishing the United Kingdom slave trade (Wilberface & Wilberface, 1838). The group includes historical greats in the anti-slave trade movement during the 1800s. Charles Fox is one of the active members of the same group. Henry Thornton is another member of the anti-slave trade. The group agreed to sponsor the 1807 anti-slavery trade. The group is one of the active coalition sectors of the United Kingdom House of Commons. The final product of the group’s many years combined anti-slavery efforts had precipitated to the historic passing of the United Kingdom 1807 anti-slavery act. 1807 Anti-Slavery Act Prior to the passing of the 1807 anti-slavery act, the United Kingdom Parliament had passed into law the slavery quota benchmarks. The law sets the maximum number of slaves that c an be transported in a ship. A research conducted by the 1789 Privy Council explained the atrocities suffered by the slaves from the time of their kidnapping or sale to the time of their transfer or sale to the new slave owners. During 1791, a group of anti-slavery politicians tried their best to stop the slave trade. However, the United Kingdom Parliament voted to disapprove the proposed anti-slavery laws. Unfortunately, the voting showed that 163 law makers in the House of Commons voted disapprove the proposed anti-slavery law. Only 88 law makers preferred the approval of the proposed anti-slavery laws (Rodriguez, 1997). As a law maker, William Wilberforce contributed his law making prowess to the abolition of slavery (Wilberface & Wilberface, 1838). William Wilberforce is a member of the United Kingdom Parliament. As member, William Wilberforce votes on certain law proposals. When the majority vote wins, the wish or petition of the majority voters will be implemented. William Wil berforce spent many years generating support for the abolition of slavery in the United Kingdom. After William Wilberforce succeeded in passing the 1807 that abolished slavery, William Wilberforce went farther. William Wilberforce supported group moves to abolish the slave trade outside the United Kingdom. After many years of persuasive convincing, countries like Sweden, Portugal and Holland, other European Union countries adhered to William Wilberforce’s insistence that slavery should be stopped within the soonest possible time (Rodriguez, 1997). Further, William Wilberforce was able to unite several individuals to focus on one main goal, abolishing the slave trade. Wilberforce worked for more than 15 years to see his dream of a free African British environment a reality. Wilberforce successfully convinced his fellow United Kingdom lawmakers to approve his desire to stop the inhuman slave trade. During those more than 15 years, William Wilberforce’s loyal followers co ntinued to grow in force. With the needed numbers in place, William Wilberforce finally saw the lives of the kidnapped African British slaves’ iron chained unlocked. Furthermore, William Wilberforce was very honest and sincere in explaining the religious consequences of continuing the slave trade. William Wilberforce uses his religious concepts to convince the religious members of the United Kingdom parliament to cancel the prevailing slave trade. William Wilberforce was able to connect with the religious members of the United Kingdom Parliament (Rodriguez, 1997). Voting In 1792, 230 law makers voted to gradually end United Kingdom slavery practices (Rodriguez, 1997). Only a meager 85 law makers disapproved the anti-slavery

Performance Evaluation of Banking Industry in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Performance Evaluation of Banking Industry in Bangladesh Essay Banking is an essential industry that affects the welfare of all other industry and the economy as a whole. In fact, growth and development of a country significantly depend on the level of growth and development attempted by the banking sector. There is a consensus regarding the positive role played by the financial sector in promoting economic development (Gerschenkron, 1962; Patrick, 1966; Galbis, 1977). In Bangladesh, banking sector has flourished a lot compared to other sectors of the economy. But the role of this key sector in national development is not satisfactory. There is not only an extremely strong capital stock but the rate of capital formation is also very meager. The current rates of domestic savings and investments as a % of GDP are 20.2 and 24.4% respectively (Bangladesh Bank Annual Report 2004-05). In the past, the rate of savings and investment were much lower than the present rate. Therefore, development plans of Bangladesh have been largely aid development. Between 1972-73 and 1981-82, aid has financed on an average of 75% of fixed investments and the lions share of the development budget (ERD). Under these Circumstances, internal resource mobilization is an urgent necessity for a self-reliant Bangladesh. Towards this end, banking Industry may play a crucial role in mobilizing community’s savings and channeling the same into the socially desirable sectors of the economy. As financial intermediaries, banks can play a crucial role in of most economies. In the absence of effective functional securities market, the banking sector in Bangladesh takes the lead in mobilizing resources and allocating funds to profitable ends. The effectiveness of financial intermediation can affect economic growth. The financial intermediation affects the net return to savings and gross return to investment. The prominence of financial institutions for rapid economic growth is unanimous. The bank based view of financial system highlights the positive role of bank in mobilizing resource, identifying good projects, monitoring managers and managing risks. The role of banking institutions as intermediary between the investor and entrepreneur is of vital importance in a developing country like Bangladesh. The evaluation of Banks performance is a complex process involving interactions between the environments, internal operations, and external activities. In performing this evaluation concerned authorities in the banking sector prior to independence felt for resource mobilization and using the same in the desired sectors. For this reason all the commercial banks were nationalized immediately after independence (Bhattacharjee, 1989). Development of private sector is essential to cope with the challenges of globalization. But considering the socio-economic condition of Bangladesh, extreme privatization, particularly in the banking sector, may not be desired. Because, even though, the number of private banks (local foreign) are increasing and the number of nationalized banks are decreasing, still the NCBs occupy a dominant place in the banking sector of the country and play a pioneering role in capital formation, stimulating the level of industrialization, poverty alleviation and human development and in the overall economic development. NCBs provide loans to productive and priority sectors both public and private covering agriculture, industry, trade and commerce. On the contrary, private banks mainly operate in towns and metropolitan cities and do business with noted entrepreneurs and with the affluent sections of the society; while foreign banks operate only in the cities and do business with the elite section of the society. Hence, this paper focused on the performance of the banking sector in general with a wider lance. As financial intermediaries, banks can play a crucial role in the most economies. In the absence of effective functional securities market, the banking sector in Bangladesh takes the lead in mobilizing resources and allocating funds to profitable ends. The effectiveness of financial intermediation can affect economic growth. The financial intermediation affects the net return to savings and gross return to investment. The prominence of financial institutions for rapid economic growth is unanimous. The bank based view of financial system highlights the positive role of bank in mobilizing resource, identifying good projects, monitoring managers and managing risks. The role of banking institutions as intermediary between the investor and entrepreneur is of vital importance for a developing country like Bangladesh. So the study is a demand of the time for better progress towards a developed future. 2.0 Conceptual Background of the Study Performance indicates the degree of management’s success in allocating the sources of the firm’s capital to productive use and is focused in the in the market value of the firm’s capital. Performance may be defined as the accomplishment of the goals which are taken into consideration. The word performance may be the synonym of efficiency in the context of business phenomenon. Many scholars opined that performance of a firm may be considered as the term managerial performance. An evaluation of performance indicates to what extent an enterprise achieves its target. Evaluation is a judgment worth of something and like all judicial matters, it calls for justice, equity and good conscious on the part of the person making the evaluation. It is to be considered an integral part of the management control on a continuous and systematic basis. Performance evaluation is an essential tool of management. It is relevant both in seeking answer to various questions to be asked about area of activities in which performance might be improved. The main purpose of performance evaluation is to assist in decision on two levels i.e. at a lower level. It can be used to inform the day to day decision making of the management indicating how to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the banks in short term. At a higher level it can be used to inform the annual planning and budgeting process in which decisions are taken about the long term deployment of resources and target for achievement. Thus it can be said that performance evaluation means a method under which the performance of an organization is evaluated differently. In Bangladesh performance of banking sector was considered with a very high note from the very beginning. It was felt that new born liberated country will need the performance of banking sector to keep the economy live. In doing so, after the war of liberation, the banks operating Bangladesh(except those incorporated abroad) were nationalized. These banks were merged and grouped for achieving the goal of government and people. With the passage of time the number and types of bank expanded and the area of banking support is also enlarged vividly. For this, study becomes a necessity to find out loop holes as well as areas so that service can be expanded towards all necessary ends. For doing so banking industry plays a pivotal role in capital formation and stimulate the level of industrialization, poverty alleviation and human development. In a sense, healthy banks and healthy economies seem to go together. Therefore, performance of such organizations particularly; operational efficiency, management soundness, productivity, profitability and social profitability are of great concern. An in-depth study to analyze the performances of the banking industry of Bangladesh by applying the most widely used indicators of bank performance could be worth while. The banking industry of Bangladesh is composed of five types of banks viz. Nationalized Commercial Banks(NCBs), Specialized banks(SBs), private Commercial Banks(PCBs), Foreign Commercial Banks(FCBs) and Islamic Banks(IBs) differ in their motives. Different types of banks give priority to different stakeholders. So, performance analysis as a whole can make the industry more creative and more supportive to achieve their organizational goal as well as can help the nation to avoid poverty and learn to lead prospective lives. Because , performance analysis as a whole will bring out all loop holes for back benchers in this sector and allow them with information to go ahead with prospective mentality. 3. Objectives of the Study The broad objective of this proposal is to make a comprehensive analysis of growth, productivity, profitability and performance of the banking industry in Bangladesh and to suggest measures for improving their performance. The specific objectives of the proposal are as follows: †¢ To analyze and compare the growth trends of banking facilities/services and output of banking sector as an industry. †¢ To measure and compare the productivity trends of banking sector. †¢ To compare overall performance of the cross section of banks from various angles. †¢ To conduct an in-depth analysis of the causes of lower or higher levels of productivity and performance (if any) among all banks. †¢ To evaluate existing remittance disbursement system and direct its profitable utilization through proper planning and action. †¢ To suggest the possible lines of actions to improve the performance of various categories of banks. 4. Justification of The Study 1. Literature Review From a detail literature review it is found that a good number of researches were conducted in the field of performance evaluation in banking sector. But unfortunately, Performance Analysis of Banking Industry in Bangladesh as a whole was not conducted. As such the literature review of the following articles, journals and research work compelled me to have a distinct idea that a research of having a complete picture of Banking industry is a demand of the time. As such my literature review found following ideas: Abedin, Roy and Mustafi(1989) in a study titled, â€Å"A Preliminary Note on Measurement of Productivity in the Commercial Banks of Bangladesh,† mentioned that there was a steady growth of bank output during 1975-1988. The output was measured as the volume of working fund handled per employees. There were variations in the levels of productivity of different types of banks. They also mentioned about a falling trend of productivity index of private banks with little variations during 1985-88. In case of Foreign banks they reported a sharp fall of productivity index from 100 in 1985 to 37 in 1986, then a rising trend. The limitations of his study were that he did not considered the social aspects of the Banks. The data on working fund were not comparable with any published data of Bangladesh Bank (BB) due to using the end June and end december figures of every year. The study neither attempts to analyze the causes of lower or higher productivity of banks nor strongly suggests the measures for increasing the levels of the banks productivity. Cookson(1989) in his article titled, â€Å"Productivity in the Banking Industry in Bangladesh† stated that productivity in the banking industry is very difficult to estimate by using available data. He also said that the conceptual difficulties limit comparisons among the banks in Bangladesh. In this paper the author tried to give a proper definition of labor productivity in commercial banking. He pointed out that the productivity of the total commercial banking system was stagnant. However, he took a partial approach for measuring productivity of the banks. In no way it reflected the total productivity scenario of the banking sector. Shakoor(1989) ’s paper on â€Å"Measurement of Profitability in Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† investigated the nature of productivity of four nationalized commercial banks(NCBs) during 1972-86 and that of five private commercial banks (PCBs) during 1983-86. The paper focused on some selected indicators of general productivity and profitability, such as deposits, advances, income, spread, expenditure etc. per employee and per branch. He used some statistical measures such as averages, standard deviation and coefficient of variations both NCBs and PCBs. The other statistical measures like, trend, correlation, regression analysis etc. were not used by the author. He observed that the productivity of the NCBs in Bangladesh had an increasing trend during 1972-86 and the productivity of the selected private banks showed better situation when compared with that of NCBs during the period under study. But, his study had limitations and in no way that reflected the total productivity trend of the commercial banking sector as a whole. Bhattacharjee and Saha(1989) in their joint eff0rt titled, â€Å"An Evaluation of Performance of NCBs In Bangladesh† tried to measure the performance of NCBs for th1973-1987. They analyzed the performance of NCBs on the basis of five sets of indicators. They are: (a) General business measures in terms of total business, deposit, advances, gross income and net profit; (b) Social profitability measures in terms of deposit mobilization (time deposit), branch expansion. (number of branches) and employment generation; (c) Branch Performance Measures in terms of profit per branch, deposit per branch, business per branch and gross income per branch; (d) Employee performance measures in terms of profit per employee, income per employee and business per employee; (e) Profitability measures in terms of rate of profit on equity, profit per unit of deposit and profit per unit of advances. The authors found upwards trends in almost all the performance measures. Besides, inter bank and intra bank variations in performance measures were also observed by them. Observing ‘means’ and ‘standard deviations’ of selected measures in NCBs , the authors reported that the NCBs could maintain the rising trends. They mentioned that in spite of disinvestment of two NCBs and growing importance attached to the development of private banking, the NCBs still played a dominant role in the banking sector. They hoped that achievement of the NCB sector may further be enhanced if due care is taken to improve the existing planning and monitoring system of relative operational performance aspects of thee banks. Abedin(1990) in his book titled â€Å"Commercial Banking in Bangladesh: A Role of commercial Study of Disparities of Regional and Sectoral Growth Trends(1846-1986),† examined the role of commercial banks under the private ownership(1846-1970) in increasing regional and sectoral disparities in rendering the banking services in Bangladesh. He also investigated the part played by the commercial banks under the public ownership(1971-1986) in mitigating any such disparities. In this perspective the author tried to critically examine the growth trends of banking facilities in Bangladesh for the period from 1846 to 1986. This study analysed the impacts of nationalization of commercial banks on different regions and sectors of Bangladesh economy after the independence of the country. The author identified some factors influencing credit deployment such as legal requirements of cash reserve, political pressure on the bank executive etc. There are some other important factors, which should not be overlooked. Such as, motivation factor of the bank executives, job security, honesty etc. The study rightly identified that, regional economic disparities led to the growth of regional imbalances in the distribution of banking facilities. The political economy of the monetary policy and banking was also responsible for this(page 260). To discuss about limitations it can be said that, within the scope of a single thesis, to deal with a large number of issues is neither possible nor desirable. The author admitted that many current issues of banking operations could not be analyzed in this dissertation. It would be more worthy and specific if some of the key issues were mentioned. Chowdhury(1990) in his dissertation titled â€Å"An Evaluation of the Performance of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† assessed the overall contribution of the commercial banks in the financial development of Bangladesh. He analyzed the trend of commercial bank’s branch expansion, deposit mobilization and deployment of credit for the period 1972-86. The productivity and profitability aspects of the Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) and Private Commercial Banks(PCBs) for the period 1983-1986(covering a period of four years) were also examined in the dissertation. The study covered all commercial banks excluding foreign and Islamic banks and used secondary data. The study stated that the growth pattern of the financial development and the contribution of commercial banks towards financial development in Bangladesh was not only uneven but also very slow. The study observed that the growth and development of commercial banking in Bangladesh during 1972-86 was not satisfactory. The author observed that the trends of profits, profitability and productivity of the commercial banks, over the entire reference period, were characterized by uneven variations indicating unsystematic and unplanned business expansion of the commercial banks. The study identified that the frequent variations in the ‘burden’ of the commercial banks was mainly responsible for the uneven trends in profits and profitability. Like any other study , the study had also some shortcomings. The post denationalization and privatization period 1983-86 (four years) was too short in comparison to the pre denationalization or nationalized period 1972-1982 (11 years). The period considered (1983-1986 i.e. four years)for the comparative analysis between the performance of NCBs and PCBs was very early to mature. Since the study measured the productivity and profitability performance using single measures such as ratio of net profit volume of working fund, ratio of total income to total expenditure and ratio of total income to manpower expenses, those measures had limits to justify the results. If some additional measures had been used, then the results might be more realistic. So this study has some limitations and inadequacies which are expected to be minimized in the present study. Moniruzzaman and Rahman(1991) made a comparative study of pre and post denationalization periods in the article titled, â€Å"Profitability Performance of Denationalized Banks- A Comparative Study of the Pre and Post Denationalization Periods.† They Observed that the profitability performance of Uttora Bank Limited and Rupali Bank Limited became unsatisfactory after denationalization. But in the case of Pubali Bank Limited, they observed a Decreasing trend before denationalization and increasing trend after denationalization. The limitations of the paper are that, they had taken into consideration a very short period of three years before and three years after denationalization of the two banks. They did not try to find out why profits of those denationalized banks (Uttora, and Rupali Bank limted) were falling. They used the variables like total expenses , total income, net income and total assets only. They ignored other important variables, such as deposits, advances, number of Bank branches, number if employees etc. So the study was very limited and incomplete.

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The continued existence of the open-minded art in the Middle Ages was present because they were utilized in monasteries as an introductory educating assistance for the comprehending of the Bible. Thus they comprised the basis of educating in the monastic schools which were thriving in monasteries. Till the 12 century only the organizations that proposed a normal and entire education existed. In the monastic scriptoria they made the copies of the creations of famous writers and Church Fathers, applied for learning and consideration; this textual copy was a genuine work. The closed monasteries performed a key function in safeguarding and conveying texts throughout the most complicated Middle Ages periods. On the foundation of this pattern, a system of schools were evolved during couple of decades focused on the formation of regal and church officials and in which more time was devoted to educating than in the customary monastic schools. Due to the prestigious expert’s involvement in some of such schools, an inclination to focus on the diverse fields of educating began to appear (Elmer 1965). Question 2. The educational progress in the Middle Ages was very productive. Grammar included the learning of Latin dialect and writing. Dialectic was a mandatory subject. Rhetoric included the basics of regulation, in addition to creating prose and poetry. Geometry encompassed the learning of Euclid, as well as, geography and natural history. Arithmetic used Roman figures and with the account of the calendar. Music had the directions of the plain-song of the Church, idea of resonance, and the learning of synchronization. Astronomy, in addition to considering the divine bodies, encompassed physics and chemistry. And all the material for this subjects teaching was taken from the textbooks, written in very ancient times (Elmer 1965).. Question 3 The Socratic Method or Socratic Debate) is a pattern of theoretical query in which the questioner researches the significances of other people opinions, to motivate reasonable conceiving and clarify the thoughts. This dialectical approach usually engages an oppositional conversation in which the protector of one perspective is fighting with the protector of another; one person can lead another to oppose himself in some way, reinforcing the inquirers position. The expression Socratic Questioning is applied to recount a kind of inquiring in which an initial inquiry is answered as if it were a reply. This makes the first correspondent to create a new inquiry in light of the advancement of the dialogue (Elmer 1965).. Question 4 The influence of Greece was revealed very early in Roman learning and even became more powerful after the long sequence of profits. The Romans exposure was rapid, because they very quickly understood the benefits they could have from this more developed nation, more affluent than their own civilization. Being realistic, Romans realized the benefits to be received from a science of Greek, a worldwide dialect renowned to numerous of their adversaries, and grasped the associated significance of managing the art of oratory so greatly evolved in Greece (Elmer 1965).. Question 5 The political structure of Rome always was republican, thus all regulations were passed and all the officials chosen by a ballot of all the people. The standard of representation, nevertheless was obscure to the Romans. All regulations were passed, and all officials appointed, at so-called mass gathering of all the people. The nonexistence of bulletins, furthermore, made a distinct distinction between age-old and current political situation. Discussion and public locations were the only means of disseminating political ideas. Clearly, with this, public talking regime, that even nowadays has a distinctive effectiveness in state activities, should have been far more effective as a political tool than nowadays. The political success was impossible to be reached without rhetoric skills. Thus the need in creating special oratory and rhetoric school was great (Elmer 1965).. Question 6 Athens: Speaking about the boys, schools educated in reading, composing and arithmetic, melodies, verse, games and gymnastics. Depending on the position of the family, the period of learning was from of 5 to 14 years old, for the richer 5 18 and at times to learners’ twenties in an academy where they were allowed to learn philosophy, moral code, and oratory. Lastly, the civilian young men went into a military preparation where they studied for a couple of years, until the age of twenty. Overseas slaves were not allowed to get any thing except an elementary education in Greece. Girls obtained little education (except possibly in the aristocrats houses through private teachers); they were usually sitting at home and had no political influence. The learning of a young female engaged only something needed to be done about the house (Elmer 1965).. In Sparta little boys started their military education very early at the age of seven. They were only give a cloak no footwear or other apparel, and not sufficient nourishment in order to make them enduring. At age of twenty they were put into higher positions in the army. To age of thirty they were devoted to the country; then they were allowed to have a family. They learned to dance, read and compose, however athletics battle skills were the most important. Girls at age 7 were taught to read, compose, as well as gymnastics and endurance. In contrast to Athens, could take part in sports and were treated better (Elmer 1965).. In Rome, all children were also taught rhetoric, composing and mathematics. Boys in addition were taught battling and agriculture, and girls to cook food and sew. When Rome adopted Greek heritage, they also included Greek philosophy. Students learned texts Greek oratory, argument and science. Not all the children could have an education in Rome. Many of them learned just some fundamentals of reading and mathematics. Some girls were allowed to continue their education together with boys (Elmer 1965).. Question 7 One of the prime joining components of the Jewish belief, in detail, appears to be its focus on ritualized formal procedure for profoundly heritage events for example anniversaries, weddings and memorial services. Thus the Hebrew tradition is very much alike Eastern customs for instance Hinduism and some currents of Buddhism, that similarly de- highlight authorized conviction schemes supporting solid, and often complicated and highly focused, heritage behaviors, peculiarities and activities. The Hebrew effect on Western heritage, thus, is at one time well renowned and all-encompassing. Hebrew tradition highlights the significance of chronicled activities. When Jewish could not sustain an appropriate moral and principled stability among themselves and their surroundings, they allegedly bear exile, slavery and other communal and political troubles. Thus moral unity inside of the state and with their neighbors usually appears more important than strong armed force (Elmer 1965).. Question 8. Early Christian otherworldly schools had a purpose to recognize a two-sided magical custom coming from Judaism and Christianity throughout their determining years. As Judaism and Christianity are considered to be the signs of Second Temple Judaism, the beliefs that evolved concurrently inside analogous chronicled contextures, the mystic custom maintained in their writing is correctly distinguished as demonstration of Jewish and Christian religiousness in the Hellenistic and Roman periods (Elmer 1965).. Question 9 The early Christians were natural foes of the Greek culture. They came from idols to a church, and all of them had some of displeasure or even abhorrence to the customary polytheism. Moreover. TheChristians had the task to discourse the gospel to all countries, and so alter the idol Gentiles. The cathedrals were thus inevitably opposed to the Olympians and to all of their expression in art (Elmer 1965).. Question 10 Two establishmentsthe church and the monasterywere the places of education in the early Middle Ages. Monasteries represent the groups of men called monks, who refused from the natural life to pray and please God through devotion and work. The monks and the priests of the churches assisted extend the Latin reading and composing, and conserved numerous precious old documents for us. They furthermore organized most of the European schools(Elmer 1965).. Sources Elmer H. Wilds Kenneth V. Lottich eds. (1965). The Foundations of Modem Education. New. York: Holt. Rinehart and Winston

Radiographic Modalities in Detecting Suspected Child Abuse

Radiographic Modalities in Detecting Suspected Child Abuse The actions individuals take against a child in order to inflict emotional or physical harm are, unfortunately, limited only by the imagination. Child abuse has been formally defined as the shaking, punching, battering, hitting, poisoning, scalding or burning, suffocating or drowning a child and/or otherwise participating in actions that lead to the child’s physical harm (Safeguarding Children 2006). As of the last several years, the definition of child abuse has also integrated the failure to prevent harm to a child (Safeguarding Children 2006). In 1946 paediatric radiologist John Caffey first utilised radiographic images in the diagnosis of child abuse when fractures of the long bones were accompanied by subdural hematomas (Longman, Baker Boos 2003). In 1962 Kempe et al. (as cited by Longman, Baker Boos 2003) offered the term battered child syndrome to describe injuries seen in children consistent with patterns of abuse, with skeletal anomalies the most common injuries seen in this syndrome. For example, bone fractures are seen in upwards of 55% of abuse cases (Longman, Baker Boos 2003). As current research indicates (Freeman 2005; Zimmerman Bilaniuk 1994), the radiographer is often the first healthcare provider that child sees who is in a position to suspect or determine the presence of a non-accident injury (NAI). Davis (2005) points out the radiographer sees the child undressed and is in a position to notice strap marks and other bruising indicative of child abuse while seeking to identify other areas of trauma throu gh the radiographic examination; thus noticing unusual bruising or other inappropriate bodily marks on the patient can help establish a pattern of abuse in conjunction with the radiologic findings of trauma. While Silverman (1987) states that radiography can be used to determine both nature of injury producing force as well as time of injury caution is also advocated as other issues that radiography classically is used to identify can be confused with child abuse, such as the radiologic evidence of scurvy, osteogenesus imperfect, self-sustained injury and infantile cortical hyperostosis. Child abuse statistics Longerman, Baker and Boos (2003) relate staggering statistics for child abuse. In the US alone during 2000, 1,200 children were fatally injured in episodes of child abuse, For example one to two children are fatally abused by a parent or other caregiver on a weekly basis (Safeguarding Children 2006). Norris (2001) states that upwards of 27% of cases presented as unintentional injuries were actually due to incidents of child abuse. Child abuse related fatalities among children less than 1 year of age constitute 41 44% of reported cases of abuse or neglect (Offiah 2003’ Longerman, Baker Boos 2003). Radiographer responsibilities by law The law is quite explicit regarding the role of the radiographer in cases of suspected child abuse. For example, the Children’s Act of 1989, Section 27 explicitly requires each healthcare provider to perform any and all examinations requested by other healthcare professionals or legal authorities when cases present with suspected child mistreatment or abuse (Aspinell 2006; Freeman 2005). As an adjunct to the 1989 Act, with specific regard to healthcare professionals, The Children Act of 2004 mandates an added responsibility beyond individual practice guidelines when working with an abused child or suspecting mistreatment, and requires that healthcare practitioners work together to share information as appropriate and cooperate in such a way as to offer the best treatment for the child (Aspinell 2006; Davis 2006). Additional guidelines on the radiographer’s role in cases of suspected child abuse are readily available (Freeman 2005). However, whether law or not, ultimately, the radiographer has legal, professional and personal responsibilities in detecting cases of suspected child abuse and has many imaging modality options. Stover (1986) tells us specifically that radiographic examinations can help the identification of the injury, mechanism of trauma such as shaking, twisting, traction of a limb or direct blow. Additionally and more importantly, the radiographic examination can identify prior injury and determine evidence of healing processes; all of which are paramount in situations of suspected child abuse, mistreatment or endangerment (Stover 1986). Therefore, this essay will review the range of radiographic imaging modality options available when child abuse is suspected. It is considered beyond the scope of this essay to discuss the legal roles and responsibilities of the radiographer in cases of suspected child abuse and as such, information relating to this will be explicitly excluded beyond those acts and guidelines highlighted above. Similarly, it is considered beyond the scope to discuss radiographic diagnostics in relation to imaging technologies. The remainder of this essay will focus strictly on imaging modalities. Standard radiographic x-ray Kirks (1983) believes that standard radiographic x-ray (SXR) imaging is appropriate for injuries associated with skeletal fractures, pneumoperitoneum, gastric dilatation or injury to the pulmonary parenchyml, which are common in cases of child abuse. Researchers tell us that skeletal examinations are particularly relevant in cases were non-accidental injury (NAI) is suspected (Gutanunga, Evans Harrison 2007, Johnson 2007; Summerfield et al. 2007; Offiah 2003) and is the strongest radiologic based indicators that child abuse or mistreatment has taken place (Diagnostic imaging 1991). In particular, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe that in children less than 2 years of age presenting with injuries consistent with child abuse the skeletal survey is critical. Parks (2002 as cited by Imaging suspected NAI 2002) tells us that although the most appropriate in cases of suspected NAI, the skeletal survey is one of â€Å"the most difficult examinations to perform† given general reluctance of the small child to submit to the examination, the emotionally charged scenario surrounding the skeletal survey request and the frequent urgency required. The skeletal survey typically consists of the following images: AP/PA chest, oblique v iew of the ribs, lateral skull survey in an older child, AP pelvis/femora, AP tibia/fibula, AP humeria, AP forearms, DP/AP hands, Half axial/Townes skull projection, AP 20 degrees skull projection and lateral skill projection in younger children, lateral spine and DP of the feet (Parks 2002 as cited by Imaging suspected NAI 2002). In order to minimise radiation exposure to the developing tissues of young children, special paediatric imaging systems have been modernised to use special cassettes, films and intensification screens (Diagnostic imaging 1991). In children older than five years of age, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) tell us the skeletal survey is virtually of no use when screening for injuries, but clinical indicators should dictate whether or not such a radiographic examination is performed. A newer radiographic adjunct to skeletal surveys is the bone scintigraphy, also referred to as radionucleotide scintigraphy (Conway et al. 1993; Howard, Barron Smith 1990), advocated by current research as a complementary procedure to the skeletal survey rather than a replacement when NAI and child abuse are suspected (Mandelstam et al., 2003). Mandelstam et al. (2003) documented the ability to detect bony anomalies that evade traditional radiographic skeletal images. For example, 20% of those studied by Mandelstam et al. (2003) reported normal skeletal surveys; however injuries were evident upon bone scintigraphy. This example evidences the increased sensitivity of the bone scintigraphy noted by Conway et al. (1993), creating an advantage in assessing soft tissue injuries in addition to trauma to bone structures. Apgar (1997) stresses SXRs can be of paramount importance for assessing potential child abuse or mistreatment through the imaging of hands and feet to assess for fractures . In particular, Apgar (1997) tells us that bone scans and skeletal surveys that focus on an oblique view of the hand or foot combine to document fractures in the hands and feet through evidencing healing at multiple stages as well as identifying fractures from bending or twisting a limb or digit rather than inflicting a direct blow. Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe the skeletal survey should not be used as a primary diagnostic modality, but should be used in conjunction with SXRs. Generally a GP or primary care physician will request a skeletal survey be performed when child abuse is suspected to assess current and age of prior injuries. CT Scan Non-accidental head injuries (NAHI) are the leading cause of death or neurological dysfunction seen in infants (Jaspan et al. 2003). Researchers agree CT scans are the ideal radiographic modality to assess paediatric head trauma from which to evaluate injury and/or family circumstances that might lead to NAIH conclusions indicative of child abuse or mistreatment (Jaspan et al. 2003; Hymel et al. 1997; Alexander Kleinman 1996). Fell (2007) tells us CT is recommended over standard SXR as SXR are known to delay diagnosis; however SXR in a triage setting when CT is not available when coupled with patient observation is still an option. Stover (1986) believes that a head CT should be considered mandatory for incidents of paediatric head trauma. Unfortunately, as Jaspan et al. (2003) indicate, there are no uniformly agreed upon protocols for radiographic imaging of NAHI. Additionally, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) believe that CT scans without the use of an MRI may underestimate the exten t of injury sustained, for example, MRIs can image subdural hematomas, which according to Alexander and Kleinman (1996) may be â€Å"the only objective imaging evidence of child abuse.† CT scans are also appropriate for other areas. For example, one of the common sites for visceral abuse injuries is the abdomen (Kirks 1983). For blunt trauma injuries to the abdomen, particular for assessing the spleen, kidney or liver, Kirks (1983) believes the CT scan is most appropriate. Albanese et al. (1996) stress the importance of CT scans for blunt abdominal trauma as well, focusing on the modality’s use with contrast media. Serial examinations are considered the â€Å"gold standard† for perforations of the paediatric GI tract due to blunt force trauma (Albanese et al. 1996). However, Kirk (1983) adds that nuclear scintigraphy is appropriate for cases isolated to the liver or spleen alone. MRI The use of MRI’s in cases of suspected child abuse or mistreatment are many, with cervical spine MRIs cited by Feldman et al. (1997) as able to detect previously unsuspected damage to the spinal cord from child abuse in cases of head trauma. Feldman et al. (1997) demonstrated that frequently radiographic examination will show subdural haemorrhages or subarachnoid haemorrhages in the cervical spine level. Although considered a type of MRI modality, Whole-body turbo STIR MR imaging that is based on MRI technology â€Å"with turbo short tau inversion recovery tissue excitation† (Kavanagh, Smith Eustace 2003) is a non-ionizing high-resolution modality that allows for the detection of occult disease states. Stranzinger et al. (2007) advocates the whole body STIR MR imaging as an alternative to skeletal survey radiographic examinations, particularly as a mechanism of avoiding radiation exposure to growing and developing tissues of the child as well as the increased/enhanced modality sensitivity. For example, Stranzinger et al. (2007) found multiple rib fractures in a patient were evident on the STIR MR imaging and definitely suggested child abuse occurred whereas conventional radiographic images only allowed for partial recognition of the fractures and were inconclusive. Diffuse-weighted imaging (DWI) has also been highlighted by current research as superior in detecting post abuse NAIH, particularly when there were posterior aspects of the brain (Suh et al. 2001). DWI has demonstrated effectivity in enhancing traditional MRI use, particularly in its ability to assess trauma severity (Suh et al. 2001). Ultrasound Kirks (1983) believes that visceral abuse trauma for such issues as retroperitoneal hematoma, ultrasound radiography is the most appropriate modality. Stover (1986) states ultrasound imaging should be used in order to exclude visceral lesions in the case of paediatric head trauma. Barthel et al. (2000) found ultrasound to be the most reliable radiographic imaging modality for detecting and diagnosing simple fractures, although compound fractures and fractures of adjacent bone were still better identified and assessed through SXR. Particularly in infants where bone is more cartilaginous, ultrasound has been found a superior modality for assessing fractures in cases of suspected child abuse and/or mistreatment especially as it saves the child from exposure to ionising radiation (Barthel et al. 2000). When assessing ultrasound efficacy for fracture identification in the distal forearm, noted as the most common fracture site in children, Barthel et al. (2000) demonstrated an 89.4% positi ve correlation, with a 94.4% correct ultrasound fracture diagnosis noted in femoral fractures. Additionally, Barthel et al. (2000) note that ultrasound is an excellent radiographic modality to assess stress fractures missed by SXR. While each of the modalities above have been advocated by individual researchers as preferred methods as outlined, Offiah (2003) advocates the use of multiple imaging modalities in order to provide cross-sectional imaging, especially in cases of suspected abuse that result in the need for neurological assessments. In conclusion, Alexander and Kleinman (1996) tell us radiographic imaging may offer the first indication of child abuse. Child protection is a personal and professional responsibility for the radiographer. This essay highlighted the staggering figures of how frequently child abuse is perpetrated. It was also noted that failure to act on suspected abuse is also considered child abuse and endangerment; such that all Trust employees have the responsibility to ensure children are kept safe (Safeguarding our children 2006). This includes being as aware of all imaging modalities appropriate for the detection of suspected child abuse when warranted as opposed to relying on radiography strictly as a static imaging modality. For example, Zimmerman and Bilaniuk (1994) state that in paediatric head trauma, the radiographer has CT and MRI imaging technology available among others, however, based on the radiographer’s knowledge of the type of injury, age of the child and how the trauma occ urred, the appropriate imaging modality or combination of modalities can best identify injury and whether child abuse is a factor. References Albanese, CT, Meza, MP, Gardner, MJ, Smith, SD, Rowe, MI Lynch, JM. Is computed tomography a useful adjunct to clinical examination for the diagnosis of pediatric gastrointestinal perforation from blunt abdominal trauma in children? Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection Critical Care, 40, 417 – 421. Alexander, R Kleinman, PK. 2000. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse: Portable guides to investigating child abuse. Govt. Report NCJ 161235, 3rd Printing. U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC. Apgar, B. 1997. Fractures of the hands and feet as signs of child abuse. American Family Physician. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:19988704 [Accessed 30 July 2008]. Aspinell, P. 2006. Child protection: Safeguarding and promoting welfare of children and young people. Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.phtlearningzone.org.uk/uploads/File/ChildProtection.doc [Accessed 29 July 2008]. Barthel, M, Halsband, H, Outzen, S, Schlicht, W. Hubner, U. 2000. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 82, 1170 – 1173. Conway, JJ, Collins, M, Tanz, RR, Radkowski, MA, Anandappa, E, Hernandez, R Freeman, EL. 1993. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 23, 321 – 33. Davis, M. 2006. It couldn’t happen to me Radiographers and the child and the law. Synergy. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:1095072611 [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Davis, M. 2005. The role of the radiographer in the protection of children. Synergy. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:910668571 [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. 1991. Pediatrics, 87, 262 – 264. Feldman, KW, Weinberger, E, Milstein, JM Fligner, CL. 1997. Cervical spine MRI in abused infants. Child Abuse Neglect, 21, 199 – 205. Fell, M. 2007. The demise of the skull radiograph. Synergy. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1232668141 [Accessed 30 July 2008]. Freeman, C. 2005. The child and the law: The roles and responsibilities of the radiographer. Society of Radiographers, London, England. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.scor-managers.org.uk/pdf/issue8_pdf16.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Gutanunga, IP, Evans, A Harrison, S. 2007. Investigation of non-accidental injuries: Changes in local policy. Paper presented at the UK Radiological Congress 2007, Manchester, England. 11 – 13 June. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://bjr.birjournals.org/misc/Proceed_2007.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Howard, JK, Barron, BJ Smith, GG. 1990. Bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of extraskeletal injuries from child abuse. Radiographics, 10, 67 – 81. Hymel, KP, Rumack, CM, Hay, TC, Strain, JD Jenny, C. 1997. Comparison of intracranial computer tomographic (CT) findings in pediatric abusive and accidental head trauma. Pediatric Radiology, 27, 743 – 747. Imaging suspected NAI. 2002. Syngery. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3:354983461 [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Jaspan, T, Griffiths, PD, McConachie, NS Punt, JAG. 2003. Neuroimaging for non-accidental head injury in childhood: A proposed protocol. Clinical Radiology, 58, 44 – 53. Johnson, KJ. 2007. Invited review: Investigating NAI. Paper presented at the UK Radiological Congress 2007, Manchester, England. 11 – 13 June. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://bjr.birjournals.org/misc/Proceed_2007.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Kavanagh, E, Smith, C Eustace, S. 2003. Whole-body turbo STIR MR imaging: Controversies and avenues for development. European Radiology, 13, 2196 -2205. Kirks, DR, 1983. Radiological evaluation of visceral injuries in the battered child syndrome. Pediatric Annals, 12, 888 – 893. Longerman, GJ, Baker, AM, Morey, MK Boos, SC. 2003. Child abuse: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics, 23, 811 845. Mandelstam, SA, Cook, D, Fitzgerald, M Ditchfield, MR. 2003. Complementary use of radiological skeletal survey and bone scintigraphy in suspected child abuse. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, 387 – 390. Norris, TG. 2001. Pediatric skeletal trauma. Radiologic Technology, 72, 345 -373. Offiah, A. 2003. Imaging of non-accidental injury. Current Paediatrics, 13, 455 – 459. Safeguarding children and young people. 2006. National Public Health Service for Wales. [Online]. Retrieved from: www.ich.ucl.ac.uk//Centre_for_evidence_based_child_health/CustomMenu_02/safeguarding_children_rcpch0.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Silverman, FN. 1987. Radiology and other imaging procedures. In RE Helfer and RS Kempe, eds. The Battered Child. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Stranzinger, E, Kellenberger, C, Braunschweig, S, Hopper, R Huisman, T. 2007. Whole-body STIR MR imaging in suspected child abuse: An alternative to skeletal survey radiography? European Journal of Radiology Extra, 63, 43 – 47. Stover, B. 1986. Radiologic diagnosis of the batter child syndrome. Minatsschr Kinderheilkd, 134, 322 – 327. Suh, DY, Dabid, PC, Hopkins, KL, Fajman, NN Mapstone, TB. 2001. Non-accidential pediatric head injury: Diffusion-weighted imaging findings. The Lancet, 360, 271 – 272. Summerfield, OJ, Gay, D, Shirley, J Thorogood, S. 2007. Who should report skeletal surveys in non-accidental injury: Generalist or specialist? Paper presented at the UK Radiological Congress 2007, Manchester, England. 11 – 13 June. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://bjr.birjournals.org/misc/Proceed_2007.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2008]. Zimmerman, RA Bilaniuk, LT. 1994. Pediatric head trauma. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 4, 349 – 366.

The Meaning Of Chow Yun-fat (its In His Mouth) :: essays research papers

The Meaning of Chow Yun-Fat (It's In His Mouth) Ultimately, it comes down to his mouth. Chow Yun-Fat is the coolest movie actor in the world today, and the only way I can explain this is to talk about his mouth. He does cool things with his mouth. Smoking cigarettes is no longer an emblem of cool in the USA, but Chow does wonders with cigarette smoke in Prison On Fire. Director Ringo Lam understands this; like most of the great Hong Kong directors, he loves using slow motion and freeze frames to pinpoint important moments in his movies, and he saves a few of the most elegant slow-motion sequences for Chow blowing smoke and looking cool. In John Woo's over-the-top classic, Hard Boiled (the rough literal translation of the Chinese title is Spicy-Handed Gun God), Chow plays with a toothpick. There are few movie moments more violently cool than the shot of Chow, a gun in each hand, sliding down a stair banister blasting a dozen bad guys while letting his toothpick hang just so from the side of his mouth. In God of Gamblers, Chow plays a gambler who gets a bump on his head that turns him into some quasi- autistic prodigy, like Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man. Chow retains his intuitive skill at playing cards, but now he must be pacified by constant pieces of chocolate that he scarfs greedily, goofy smile on his face. Blowing smoke, dangling his toothpick, eating chocolate, or just smiling ... ultimately, when trying to explain why Chow Yun-Fat is cool, it comes down to his mouth. Everything I have said so far describes a subjective reaction to watching Chow Yun-Fat on the screen. Fill in the name of your favorite actor or actress, change the specific references, and this could be your essay. We don't learn anything new from such subjective meanderings; we only identify taste preferences. I'm proud to be a Chow fan, but then, I am proud to be a fan in general. With other favorites of mine, though, I am able to get at least a little bit beyond subjectivity. Be it Murphy Brown or X-Ray Spex, Bruce Springsteen or NYPD Blue, at some point I can analyze my relationship to the cultural artifact in question, place it in some cultural context, and come to some hopefully useful conclusions about both the particular text and our interaction with that text. Chow Yun-Fat, however, seems to defy my attempts at analysis; ultimately, it all comes down to his mouth and nothing more. Try describing Chow Yun-Fat to someone who has never seen him on the screen.

Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Education Learning Careers Essays

Philosophy of Teaching Twelve years ago, I was not interested in becoming a teacher. I was content with my life. Then, I had two wonderful children. As they became school age, my opinion of teachers was immensely altered. I have spent countless hours within my children’s school, became personally connected to the wonderful individuals who were their teachers, and developed a respect for these tireless workers. These individuals have created a desire within me to enhance children’s lives and improve society through education. Children are life’s blessings. All children have the ability to learn. Just as all children are individuals, they also possess diverse individual learning styles. A successful teacher must have the necessary skills and personal drive to recognize these differences in abilities and deliver an appropriate educational experience for all of the students. In order to be a successful teacher, I plan to incorporate four major philosophies into my classroom. They include behaviorism, essentialism, social reconstructionism, and progressivism. I believe a mixture of the four will create an essential environment for the most extensive educational experience that a teacher can offer. First of all, I have chosen behaviorism. Behaviorism was developed mainly by Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner. They believed that through conditioning using rewards as well as punishments, educators could establish control over students’ behaviors. Using systems of rules, rewards, and punishments within the classroom is a constructive way to achieve control over the classroom. By producing rewards for the children to encourage appropriate behavior, they would be more likely to strive to be achievers rather than unde... ... updated on the latest methods of teaching so that I can be the successful instructor that I desire to be. Through my children, I have been able to realize that some children are less fortunate than others. Often, children do not have positive role models in their lives. A strong, positive experience in early education is an important building block for encouraging a child who wants to continue the learning experience. My goal with my students is to provide them with a positive role model as well as feed their imaginations. Overall, my philosophy on education is eclectic. I feel that by using many different philosophies as well as methods, I will be a more efficient educator. I will always strive to achieve the ideal classroom for my students to be successful in their education. My students’ success will be an indicator of my success as a qualified educator.

The Punishment of Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

The Punishment of Oedipus the King At the end of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Oedipus, king of Thebes, ends up banished forever from his kingdom. Additionally, Oedipus physically puts out his own eyes, for several reasons which will be discussed later. The question is: Did Oedipus deserve his punishments? There are many factors that must be considered in answering this, including how Oedipus himself felt about his situation. His blinding was as much symbolic as it was physical pain. After all factors have been considered, I think that only Oedipus' banishment was the necessary punishment.. It is important to keep in mind the whole basic reasoning for Oedipus' search for Laius' killers: he wished to put an end to a deadly plague, and that plague would only be stopped when said murderer is killed, or driven from the land (pp 4-5). Thusly, when it is revealed that Oedipus himself murdered Laius, then banishment seems to be the only option. Death, in my mind, is not valid simply because of what it might do to the kingdom's people. Even though it seems that Oedipus has not been a particularly good monarch, in fact his only major accomplishment seems to be killing the Sphinx all those years ago, having a king put to death could have serious repercussions on the rest of the kingdom. So in the end, the only way to cure the plague and keep the kingdom stable seems to be the banishment of Oedipus. In this case, the question of whether or not he deserved to be punished seems irrelevant; Oedipus' only goal was to stop the plague and by leaving, he has accomplished that goal. Banishment was the only choice. But what exactly was Oedipus being punished for? Even after re- reading the play, this still seems to be a gray area. Incest? Immoral, to be sure, but Oedipus was obviously ignorant to his actions, and to my knowledge, in Sophoclean times, there was no written law against it and therefore no punishment for it. Oedipus' punishment may have been for killing Laius, but how could you punish someone for being a victim of fate? Greeks believed at the time of the play's writing that a man's life was " woven" by the 3 fates (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos) and that he was

Death Penalty Essay

1.ABSTRACT: This essay was mainly about death penalty. The information of essay was partially taken from the internet, through discussion among tutor and friends as well as general knowledge from outside sources. The objective of carrying out death penalty is to show that justice for extreme crime still exists. Electrocution, hanging, gas chamber, firing squad and lethal injection are the methods of execution in death penalty. In contrast, death penalty is a necessary evil that serves as deterrent to reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society and extreme criminals deserve retribution for their action. In conclusion, death penalty comes with positive and negative effects throughout a lot of aspects. Whether death penalty is inhuman or a necessary evil, it is an arguable issue in the society. 2.INTRODUCTION: Death penalty is the most contentious penal practice in the modern world and it has always been a controversial issue until today. Death penalty can be defined as a process to kill an individual by the state (Amnesty International 2010). Death penalty as a just punishment should be distinguished rationally to fit the crime. For instance, a person who stole magazine from a bookshop does not deserve death penalty as their punishment. However, a serial killer, who commits homicide repetitively for no tolerable reasons, definitely deserves death penalty. As long as criminals such as serial killers still exist, we will spend our life living in fear. In Malaysia, the death penalty is mandatory for some offenses such as discharging a firearm with the intention of causing death and offences against the person of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and murder (Laws of Malaysia 2006). This issue, death penalty is very important because it is related to one’s lives. Is the death penalty inhumane o r a necessary evil? Some strongly believe that death penalty is against human rights and death penalty costs more than life without parole. However, death penalty serves as a deterrent to help reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society and extreme criminals deserve retribution for their action. 3.BACKGROUND King Hammurabi of Babylon was the first to establish the death penalty codes for 25 different crimes back in the Eighteenth Century B.C. The death penalty was listed in the Fourteenth Century B.C.’s Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C.’s Draconian Code of Athens, which made death the only punishment for all crimes; and in the Fifth Century B.C.’s Roman law of the Twelve Tablets. Crucifixion, drowning, burning alive and impalement are among the ways to perform death penalty (Death Penalty Information Center 2010). The historical background of death penalty is compelling because one’s moral had never been emphasized until today. Nowadays, some countries still carry out death penalty and the objective is to remind and to show their people the consequences of committing extreme crime. In the last decade, a lot of country has abolished the death penalty but more than fifty countries still retain the death penalty practice and law. For example, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, United States and India are among the countries that still practice death penalty until today (Prosecuting Attorney 2010). Key term: 1. Crucifixion – hanging on a cross, a method of capital punishment in ancient times. 2. Impalement – to pierce with a sharp stake or point. 3. Retribution – punishment that is considered to be morally right and fully deserved. 4. Shia – a Muslim who adheres to branch of Islam. 4. COUNTER ARGUMENTS 4.1 FIRST COUNTER ARGUMENT Death penalty is against human rights. If we believe human life is sacred, then the state’s executioner should be barred from carrying out the death penalty. We should respect and try to embrace human dignity. In 1997, the U.N. High Commission for Human rights agreed upon a decision stating that an outlaw of the death penalty contributes to the improvement of human dignity and to the progress of human rights (C. Richard 2011). Countries that understand the death penalty is a human right issue abolished death penalty. For example, the member states of the Council of Europe have added Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights calling for the outlaw of the death penalty (Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights 1979). The death penalty certainly goes against our most basic human right which is the right to have a life; this is also applied even to those who commit murder. For example, an execution by lethal injection or electrocut ion will take the lives of convicted felons and that clearly violates the human rights. 4. 2 SECOND COUNTER ARGUMENT On top of that, death penalty costs more than life without parole, which is also known as life imprisonment. We should be aware that death penalty is time consuming and expensive. In 1995, the Bomber of Oklahoma City named Timothy McVeigh’s had been executed and his execution costs more than $13 million. Furthermore, since the death penalty was restored in New York in 1995, it costs approximately $23 million for each person condemned to death (BBC Ethics Guide 2011). Suppose a cheaper option is available when we compare the prices of a similar television, we will definitely buy the cheaper one. This is how we should apply when discussing death penalty and life imprisonment. The capital cases in the United States can cost up to millions of dollars from arresting to executing a criminal with death penalty but cases ending with life imprisonment costs only around $500,000 (Jones Elliot 2009). All of this money could have been used to cure poverty around the globe. Therefore, we s hould save hundreds of lives around the world instead of ending one’s life with that amount of money. 5. TRANSITION The arguments claimed by the opponents stated that death penalty violates human rights and a lot of money will be wasted on death penalty is actually undeniable but the death penalty is not killing the criminals, it is a punishment for their extreme action and justice can never be thought in financial terms. Death penalty affects more factors positively than causing negative effect. Death penalty serves as a deterrent to help reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society by eliminating criminals and some criminals deserve retribution for their action are the main factors that should be addressed seriously. death penalty essay crime rates in states with death penalty vs. without essay on death penalty essays on death penalty the death penalty essay 6. ARGUMENTS 6.1. FIRST ARGUMENT Death penalty is a necessary evil that serves as deterrent to reduce crime rate. Everybody fears death, even animals. If extreme criminals are executed by death penalty, all the potential criminals will definitely think twice before committing extreme crime because their own life is at stake. Majority of studies claimed that the existence of death penalty increases the crime rate but some of the studies did not consider other factors that affects crime rate. For example, the major factors that constantly contributing to an increase of crime rate are residential population, individual family issue, climate and economic condition (Annual Crime Report 1998). Moreover, all the matters regarding deterrence has been studied by a Professor of Jurisprudence named Ernest van den Haag from Fordham University. He stated that even though statistical demonstrations are not conclusive, capital punishment deter more than other punishments because people fear death more than anyt hing else (Arguments for and Against the Death penalty 2000). Death penalty is 100% effective as deterrent to the criminal being executed; that killer would not be able to commit anymore crimes especially homicide (Stephen K 1985). Suppose life imprisonment is the maximum penalty in a state, nothing can stop those prisoners who are facing life imprisonment to commit more crime especially murder again in prison. â€Å"Assault in prisons in all over US, both against fellow inmates and against staff, have more than doubled in the past decades, according to statistics gathered by Criminal Justice Institute in Middletown, Connecticut†(Van Paul 1998). Death penalty is a necessary evil that should be retained because criminal especially serial killers will learn a lesson which is death penalty is the most suitable punishment of justice for their extreme crime. death penalty research paper against death penalty essay thesis statement about death penalty death penalty essays death penalty paper 6.2. SECOND ARGUMENT Furthermore, safety of the society will not be the main concern once those criminals are executed by death penalty. However, criminals especially murderers can plead for insanity or mental retardation. The courts have accepted a general definition of mental retardation as being significantly sub average in general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period (Garner Corinne 1990). For example, a drug related brain-damaged killer barely knew his own identity when he raped and murdered a woman and her daughter in front of a 3 year old boy. The insane man then pled for insanity which made him spent his 22 years in jail. We would not know the truth behind the crime scene; he might consume the drugs right after killing because anyone would take risk just to continue living. Next, if he were mentally disabled from the beginning he brings danger towards the society. â€Å"The procedures of identifying mental retardation vary from state to state and some of the procedures used to identify mental retardation have come to be questioned. Some of the prisoners identified as having mental retardation have mislabelled† (Petersilia 1997). This is why death penalty is crucial for those who damage themselves mentally or those who are born with mental problems if they committed extreme crime more than once because it is for the safety of the society. Thus, death penalty is not inhumane because it benefits the mentally disable criminal to prevent them from committing sins without them realizing it. 6.3. THIRD ARGUMENT Last but not least, some criminals deserve retribution for their action. Death penalty is not revenge but simply returning the nature of the extreme crime committed as a punishment. Criminals such as murderers are the ones that keep demonstrating inhumanity. Anti-death penalty supporters believe that death penalty is inhumane and barbarous. Well, so is murder. If murderers do not value the life of their victim then there is no reason their life should be valuable. In addition, murderers neglected their rights as a human when they violate the rights of their victim (Jones Elliot 2009). The rights of the victims are more important than the rights of the criminal. Death penalty will bring closure to the criminal and closure to the ordeal for the victim’s family. The greatest example in history would be Saddam Hussein; He is punished by death penalty because he committed extreme crime against humanity when he murdered 148 Shias in Tigris river city of Dujail in 1982. The society was finally satisfied when he was sentenced to death because it brings closure to the ordeal for the 148 victim’s family (BBC News 2006). Thus, criminals such as Saddam deserve death penalty retribution as a proportionate punishment. 7.CONCLUSION: In this essay, I have listed two effects of death penalty; death penalty is against human rights and death penalty costs more than life without parole. I have also discussed three reasons why death penalty is a necessary evil; death penalty serves as a deterrent to help reduce crime rate, assures safety of the society and extreme criminals deserve retribution for their action. The reality is that our country, Malaysia still practices death penalty today because the government knows what’s best for their people. Government of other country should think carefully and take into considerations all the angle of subject of death penalty. Everything has their effects. Therefore, the governments should come up with wise solutions for the entire question that rises regarding death penalty. A rational solution can make a country unite and more stable in various aspects. opponents of the death penalty argue all but which one of the following? juvenile death penalty pros and cons death penalty essay introduction essay against death penalty death penalty introduction essays on the death penalty